Predictive accuracy of 4C Mortality Score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation scores for mortality in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit

Table 8 Comparison with previous studies

Ref.	Study design	Sample size	Mortality%	4C Mortality Score calculated at	Comparison	AUROC1	95%CI
Knight et al[2], United Kingdom	Multicenter prospective observational	22361	30.9	Hospital admission	Derivation and validation	0.77	0.76-0.77
Covino et al[12], Italy	Single centre retrospective	210	20	Hospital admission	COVID-GRAM, qCSI, NEWS	0.79	0.73-0.85
Wellbelove et al[10], United Kingdom	Exploratory analysis	53	11	Hospital admission	CURB-65, CRB-65, qSOFA, NEWS	0.83	0.71-0.95
Kuroda et al[11], Japan	Multicenter retrospective	693	34.4	Hospital admission	RISE-UP, A-DROP, REMS	0.84	0.80-0.88
Jones et al[13], Canada	Multicenter retrospective	959	23	Hospital admission	4C score in wave1, 2 and 3	0.77	0.74-0.80
Lombardi et al[3], France	Multicenter retrospective	14343	35.3	Hospital admission	32 scores	0.78	0.77-0.79
Vicka et al[6], Lithuania	Single centre retrospective	249	41.4	Hospital admission	APACHE II, SOFA, SAPS	0.75	0.69-0.81
Mohammad et al[8], Saudi Arabia	Multicenter retrospective	506	6.1	Hospital admission	External validation	0.90	0.85-0.95
Durie et al[5], Australia	Multicenter prospective observational	1492	13.2	ICU admission	APACHE II	0.79	0.68-0.90
Altreby et al[4], Saudi Arabia	Single centre retrospective	1493	37.9	ICU admission	External validation	0.81	0.79-0.83
Ocho et al[9], Japan	Multicenter retrospective	206	10.1	Hospital admission	A-DROP, CURB-65, SOFA	0.84	0.76-0.92
Our study	Single centre retrospective	140	13.6	Hospital admission, ICU admission	APACHE II, APACHE III	0.75, 0.80	0.65-0.84, 0.71-0.88

¹Indicates AUROC for 4C score.

²Indicates 149 of 461 patients with complete data.

APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; qSOFA: Quick SOFA; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; CRB-65: Confusion, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, 65 years of age and older; A-DROP: Age, Dehydration, Respiratory failure, Orientation failure, low blood Pressure; NEWS: National Early Warning Score; REMS: Rapid Emergency Medicine Score; RISE UP: Risk Stratification in the Emergency Department in Acutely ill Older Patients; qCSI: Quick COVID-19 Severity Index.