Outcome predictors of systemic lupus erythematosus requiring admission to the intensive care unit

Table 6 Summary of studies on systemic lupus erythematosus patients requiring intensive care unit admission

Ref.	Country, study type	No. of patients	Reasons for ICU admission	Mortality (%)	Factors associated with mortality
Current study, 2024	India, retrospective	77	SLE flare (41.6%), infection (57.1%)	50.7	Shock, thrombocytopenia, admission lactate
Bhargav et al[21], 2023	India, retrospective, prospective	102	Pneumonia	81.3	APACHE II > 16, infection, lymphopenia, creatinine > 1.3, hypotension
Gopalan et al[5], 2023	India, retrospective	87	Infection (58%), disease flare (51%)	21	High APACHE II, fever, AKI, low albumin, low hematocrit, low GCS, sepsis, ventilation, inotropes
Aragón et al[10], 2020	Colombia, retrospective	188	Infection	20.2	Higher SOFA, ventilation, inotrope need, APLA
Alvarez Barreneche et al[28], 2019	Colombia, retrospective	33	Lupus flare	12.1	Infection
Fatemi et al[25], 2017	Iran, retrospective	94	Pneumonia, DAH, seizure	50	High APACHE II, septic shock, duration of mechanical ventilation
Siripaitoon et al[34], 2015	Thailand, retrospective	61	Respiratory failure, shock, AKI	57	High APACHE, ventilator-associated pneumonia, inotrope use
Han et al[29], 2013	United States, retrospective	70	Infectious (35.7%) and non-infectious (64.3%)	21.2	Higher APACHE II
Namendys-Silva et al[11], 2009	Mexico, retrospective	104	Infection	32.7	High APACHE II, inotrope use
Hsu et al[15], 2005	Taiwan, retrospective	51	Pneumonia with ARDS	47	Intracranial and GI hemorrhage, septic shock
Williams et al[26], 2002	United Kingdom, retrospective	61	Infection	28	Leucopenia, high severity of illness score, cyclophosphamide

ICU: Intensive care unit; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; AKI: Acute kidney injury; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; APLA: Anti-phospholipid antibodies; DAH: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; GI: Gastrointestinal.