Outcome predictors of systemic lupus erythematosus requiring admission to the intensive care unit

Table 5 Factors associated with intensive care unit mortality

Parameter	Bivariate analysis OR (95%CI)	P value	Multivariate analysis OR (95%CI)	P value
Age	0.99 (0.95-1.03)	0.76	-	-
Female gender	1.16 (0.35-3.85)	0.8	-	-
Diabetes mellitus	0.97 (0.18- 5.14)	0.98	-	-
Hypertension	0.28 (0.08-0.89)	0.03	0.32 (0.02-4.38)	0.39
Newly diagnosed SLE	1.29 (0.45-3.73)	0.63	-	-
SLEDAI 2K	0.96 (0.89-1.02)	0.23	-	-
Duration of disease	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.33	-	-
Drug defaulter	0.67 (0.25-1.75)	0.42	-	-
APACHE-II score	1.04 (0.94-1.16)	0.37	-	-
Lag time	1.04 (0.96-1.13)	0.36	-	-
Shock at admission	3.01 (0.73-12.5)	0.12	-	-
SLE flare	0.55 (0.22-1.54)	0.26	-	-
Sepsis	2.64 (1.03-6.76)	0.04	-	-
Hemoglobin	1.04 (0.84-1.28)	0.60	-	-
Platelet count	0.99 (0.99-1)	0.10	1.0 (1.0-1.0)	0.06
Serum creatinine	0.89 (0.71-1.13)	0.38	-	-
Serum albumin	1.91 (0.92-3.96)	0.08	0.83 (0.26-2.6)	0.75
Admission pH	8.95 (0.18-442)	0.27	-	-
Bicarbonate	0.99 (0.92-1.08)	0.98	-	-
Admission lactate	1.14 (0.95-1.37)	0.12	1.82 (0.95-3.5)	0.07
Anti-nuclear antibody	1.29 (0.74-2.2)	0.36	-	-
Double-stranded DNA	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.39	-	-
Non-invasive ventilation	0.77 (0.31-1.88)	0.57	-	-
Shock during the hospital stay	51.8 (10.5-255)	< 0.001	726 (8.0-65088)	0.004
Need for inotropes	5.57 (2.49-12.5)	0.001	-	-
Renal replacement therapy	0.67 (0.25-1.8)	0.42	-	-
Transfusion	1.78 (0.63-5.03)	0.27	-	-
Immunomodulation1	0.77 (0.31-1.88)	0.56	-	-
ICU length of stay	1.03 (0.96-1.10)	0.36	-	-
Hospital length of stay	0.96 (0.92-0.99)	0.04	-	-

¹Immunomodulation included the use of pulse steroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, and/or plasma exchange (n = 42).

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI 2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU: Intensive care unit.