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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2025; 14(3): 108296
Published online Sep 9, 2025. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.108296
Published online Sep 9, 2025. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.108296
Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic White, n (%)
| Variables | Non-Hispanic White (n = 227315) | Hispanic (n = 92575) | Total (n = 319890) | P value |
| Female | 91825 (40.40) | 34565 (37.34) | 126390 (39.51) | < 0.001 |
| Age | 67.29 ± 14.35 | 60.43 ± 15.75 | 65.31 (15.09) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 65 | 87930 (38.68) | 53645 (57.95) | 141575 (44.26) | |
| ≥ 65 | 139385 (61.32) | 38930 (42.05) | 178315 (55.74) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital bed size | 0.1466 | |||
| Small | 51915 (22.84) | 19140 (20.68) | 71055 (22.21) | |
| Medium | 67930 (29.88) | 27985 (30.23) | 95915 (29.98) | |
| Large | 107470 (47.28) | 45450 (49.10) | 152920 (47.80) | |
| Hospital teaching status | < 0.001 | |||
| Rural | 22925 (10.09) | 1560 (1.69) | 24485 (7.65) | |
| Urban non-teaching | 47590 (20.94) | 18615 (20.11) | 66205 (20.70) | |
| Urban teaching | 156800 (68.98) | 72400 (78.21) | 229200 (71.65) | |
| Elective admission | 5105 (2.25) | 1595 (1.72) | 6700 (2.09) | 0.0022 |
| Primary payment coverage | < 0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 138045 (60.73) | 36400 (39.32) | 174445 (54.53) | |
| Medicaid | 18935 (8.33) | 22225 (24.01) | 41160 (12.87) | |
| Private insurance | 56095 (24.68) | 23765 (25.67) | 79860 (24.96) | |
| Self-pay | 4835 (2.13) | 5985 (6.47) | 10820 (3.38) | |
| No charge | 245 (0.11) | 320 (0.35) | 565 (0.18) | |
| Other | 9160 (4.03) | 3880 (4.19) | 13040 (4.08) | |
| Median household income ($) | < 0.001 | |||
| 1-28999 | 65355 (28.75) | 35125 (37.94) | 100480 (31.41) | |
| 29000-35999 | 64670 (28.45) | 24320 (26.27) | 88990 (27.82) | |
| 36000-46999 | 55860 (24.57) | 21695 (23.44) | 77555 (24.24) | |
| 47000+ | 41430 (18.23) | 11435 (12.35) | 52865 (16.53) | |
| Hospital region | < 0.001 | |||
| Northeast | 38145 (16.78) | 11755 (12.70) | 49900 (15.60) | |
| Midwest | 52215 (22.97) | 5905 (6.38) | 58120 (18.17) | |
| South | 100390 (44.16) | 35410 (38.25) | 135800 (42.45) | |
| West | 36565 (16.09) | 39505 (42.67) | 76070 (23.78) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 58415 (25.70) | 15545 (16.79) | 73960 (23.12) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 49580 (21.81) | 12540 (13.55) | 62120 (19.42) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 47560 (20.92) | 10240 (11.06) | 57800 (18.07) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14040 (6.18) | 3710 (4.01) | 17750 (5.55) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 148215 (65.20) | 54455 (58.82) | 202670 (63.36) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 91575 (40.29) | 31445 (33.97) | 123020 (38.46) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 60615 (26.67) | 13325 (14.39) | 73940 (23.11) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 89885 (39.54) | 48485 (52.37) | 138370 (43.26) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 56795 (24.99) | 20220 (21.84) | 77015 (24.08) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 25965 (11.42) | 13545 (14.63) | 39510 (12.35) | < 0.001 |
| Anemia | 10740 (4.72) | 4595 (4.96) | 15335 (4.79) | 0.3018 |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 320 (0.14) | 260 (0.28) | 580 (0.18) | 0.0002 |
| Cancer | 11860 (5.22) | 2800 (3.02) | 14660 (4.58) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 56165 (24.71) | 26200 (28.30) | 82365 (25.75) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 67125 (29.53) | 32040 (34.61) | 99165 (31.00) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 15605 (6.86) | 3585 (3.87) | 19190 (6.00) | < 0.001 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | 4.94 ± 2.133768 | 4.50 ± 2.13 | 4.81 ± 2.14 | < 0.001 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score ≥ 4 | 167790 (73.81) | 61775 (66.73) | 229565 (71.76) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Ang SP, Chia JE, Lorenzo-Capps MJ, Lee E, Iglesias J. Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19-associated septic shock. World J Crit Care Med 2025; 14(3): 108296
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v14/i3/108296.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.108296