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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Crit Care Med. Sep 9, 2025; 14(3): 108296
Published online Sep 9, 2025. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.108296
Published online Sep 9, 2025. doi: 10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.108296
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients between Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White, n (%)
| Variables | Non-Hispanic White (n = 227315) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 76875) | Total (n = 304190) | P value |
| Female | 87930 (38.68) | 39075 (50.83) | 128680 (42.30) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 67.29 ± 14.35 | 63.07 ± 14.85 | 66.23 ± 14.59 | |
| < 65 | 87930 (38.68) | 39075 (50.83) | 127005 (41.75) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 65 | 139385 (61.32) | 37800 (49.17) | 177185 (58.25) | |
| Hospital bed size | 0.2709 | |||
| Small | 51915 (22.84) | 16650 (21.66) | 68565 (22.54) | |
| Medium | 67930 (29.88) | 22270 (28.97) | 90200 (29.65) | |
| Large | 107470 (47.28) | 37955 (49.37) | 145425 (47.81) | |
| Hospital teaching status | < 0.001 | |||
| Rural | 22925 (10.09) | 3425 (4.46) | 26350 (8.66) | |
| Urban non-teaching | 47590 (20.94) | 12135 (15.79) | 59725 (19.63) | |
| Urban teaching | 156800 (68.98) | 61315 (79.76) | 218115 (71.70) | |
| Elective admission | 5105 (2.25) | 1210 (1.57) | 6315 (2.08) | < 0.001 |
| Primary payment coverage | < 0.001 | |||
| Medicare | 138045 (60.73) | 41240 (53.65) | 179285 (58.94) | |
| Medicaid | 18935 (8.33) | 12380 (16.10) | 31315 (10.29) | |
| Private insurance | 56095 (24.68) | 17715 (23.04) | 73810 (24.26) | |
| Self-pay | 4835 (2.13) | 2300 (2.99) | 7135 (2.35) | |
| No charge | 245 (0.11) | 230 (0.30) | 475 (0.16) | |
| Other | 9160 (4.03) | 3010 (3.92) | 12170 (4.00) | |
| Median household income ($) | < 0.001 | |||
| 1-28999 | 65355 (28.75) | 38495 (50.07) | 103850 (34.14) | |
| 29000-35999 | 64670 (28.45) | 17525 (22.80) | 82195 (27.02) | |
| 36000-46999 | 55860 (24.57) | 13045 (16.97) | 68905 (22.65) | |
| 47000+ | 41430 (18.23) | 7810 (10.16) | 49240 (16.19) | |
| Hospital region | < 0.001 | |||
| Northeast | 38145 (16.78) | 12205 (15.88) | 50350 (16.55) | |
| Midwest | 52215 (22.97) | 13235 (17.22) | 65450 (21.52) | |
| South | 100390 (44.16) | 45090 (58.65) | 145480 (47.83) | |
| West | 36565 (16.09) | 6345 (8.25) | 42910 (14.11) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 58415 (25.70) | 20920 (27.21) | 79335 (26.08) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 49580 (21.81) | 10900 (14.18) | 60480 (19.88) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 47560 (20.92) | 10835 (14.09) | 58395 (19.20) | < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 14040 (6.18) | 3995 (5.20) | 18035 (5.93) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 148215 (65.20) | 56665 (73.71) | 204880 (67.35) | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 91575 (40.29) | 27740 (36.08) | 119315 (39.22) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 60615 (26.67) | 17440 (22.69) | 78055 (25.66) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 89885 (39.54) | 39590 (51.50) | 129475 (42.56) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 56795 (24.99) | 27745 (36.09) | 84540 (27.79) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 25965 (11.42) | 9445 (12.29) | 35410 (11.64) | 0.0085 |
| Anemia | 10740 (4.72) | 5445 (7.08) | 16185 (5.32) | < 0.001 |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 320 (0.14) | 600 (0.78) | 920 (0.30) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer | 11860 (5.22) | 3520 (4.58) | 15380 (5.06) | 0.0024 |
| Coagulopathy | 56165 (24.71) | 20635 (26.84) | 76800 (25.25) | 0.0002 |
| Obesity | 67125 (29.53) | 25965 (33.78) | 93090 (30.60) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 15605 (6.86) | 5170 (6.73) | 20775 (6.83) | 0.5673 |
| Elixhauser comorbidity score | 4.94 ± 2.13 | 5.20 ± 2.15 | 5.01 ± 2.14 | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Ang SP, Chia JE, Lorenzo-Capps MJ, Lee E, Iglesias J. Racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19-associated septic shock. World J Crit Care Med 2025; 14(3): 108296
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3141/full/v14/i3/108296.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5492/wjccm.v14.i3.108296