Predicting weaning failure from invasive mechanical ventilation: The promise and pitfalls of clinical prediction scores

Table 2 Summary of the various artificial intelligence models to predict weaning failure

Ref.	Sample size	Performance metrics	Technique used	Characteristics involved	Primary outcome
Hsieh et al[51]	3602 patients	AUC-0.85, Accuracy-94%, Precision-0.939, F1-0.867, Recall-0.822	K-fold cross-validation	Age, gender, cause of intubation, MAPs, MIP, APACHE II scores, GCS	Successful extubation from MV
Huang et al[52]	233 patients	AUC-0.97, Accuracy-94%, F1 score-95.8%, Sensitivity-87.5%, Specificity-96.7%	Logistic regression, Random Forest, and support vector machine model	Gender, APACHE II score, hospital stay duration in days, MV duration in days	Successful extubation
Lin et al[53]	Part 1: 2405; Part 2: 131	Try weaning phase: AUC-0.860, Accuracy-0.768, Sensitivity-0.788, Specificity-0.733; Extubation phase: AUC-0.923, Accuracy-0.842, Sensitivity-0.842, Specificity-0.842	Logistic regression, RF, SVM, KNN, Light GBM, MLP, XGBoost	Age, APACHE II score, TISS score, FiO2, PEEP, RR, MV, Ppeak, SpO2, HR, BP	Successful extubation, MV time, ICU LOS, Hospital LOS
Liu et al[54]	Stage 1: 5873 patients; Stage 2: 4172 patients	Stage 1: AUC-0.860, Accuracy-0.768, Sensitivity-0.788, Specificity-0.733; Stage 2: AUC-0.923, Accuracy-0.842, Sensitivity-0.842, Specificity-0.842	Logistic regression, RF, SVM, KNN, Light GBM, MLP, XGBoost	25 features in stage 1, 20 features in stage 2-common variables-APACHE II scores, TISS score, FiO2, PEEP, MV, Ppeak, SpO2, HR, BP	Weaning of MV patients
Xu et al[55]	487 patients	AUC-0.805, Accuracy-0.748, Sensitivity-0.767, Specificity-0.676, Recall-0.888	Logistic regression, RF, SVM, Light GBM, XGBoost	RR, SBT, APACHE II score, GCS, Hb	Weaning of MV patients

AUC: Area under curve; BP: Blood pressure; FiO₂: Fraction of inspired oxygen; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; HR: Heart rate; LOS: Length of stay; MAP: Mean airway pressure; MIP: Maximal inspiratory pressure; MV: Mechanical ventilation; PEEP: Positive end-expiratory pressure; Ppeak: Peak airway pressure; RR: Respiratory RATE; SPO₂: Peripheral oxygen saturation; TISS: Therapeutic intervention scoring system.