Artificial intelligence in traumatic brain injury: Brain imaging analysis and outcome prediction: A mini review

Table 2 Characteristics of the main deep learning algorithms

Deep Learning algorithms	Main characteristics
CNNs	Automatic learning of hierarchical features from brain images. Widely adopted to TBI segmentation
Fully convolutional networks	Replacement of fully connected layers with convolutional layers, enabling pixel-wise classification. Adopted for segmenting lesions and hemorrhages in TBI MRI scans
Recurrent neural networks & long short-term memory	Adopted in time-series analysis for dynamic brain imaging data. LSTMs combined with CNNs useful in sequential TBI segmentation across multiple time poi

TBI: Traumatic brain injury; MRI: Magnetic resonance image; CNNs: Convolutional neural networks; LSTMs: Long short-term memory.