Diagnostic utility of sepsis screening tools, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein in nosocomial fever of unknown origin

Table 1 Spectrum of nosocomial fever of unknown origin (n = 80)

Etiologies	n (%)
Infectious disorders	34 (42.5)
Pneumonia	21 (26.2)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia1	17
Hospital-acquired pneumonia2	4
Bloodstream infections	9 (11.2)
Bacteraemia with unknown primary site3	6
Catheter-related blood stream infection4	3
Intra-abdominal Infections	3 (3.75)
Clostridioides difficile diarrhea	1
Peritonitis	1
Gall bladder perforation with peritonitis and intra-abdominal collections	1
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection5	1 (1.3)
Multi-site infections	2 (2.5)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia and pressure ulcer6	1
Ventilator-associated pneumonia7 and catheter-related blood stream infection8	1
Non-infectious disorders	31 (38.7)
Central fever	6 (7.5)
Thrombophlebitis	6 (7.5)
Pneumonitis without infection	4 (5)
Acute pancreatitis	3 (3.8)
Rhabdomyolysis	3 (3.8)
Venous thromboembolism	2 (2.5)
Drug fever	2 (2.5)
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome	1 (1.3)
Central pontine demyelination	1 (1.3)
Transfusion reaction	1 (1.3)
Acute hemolysis	1 (1.3)
Atelectasis	1 (1.3)
Undiagnosed	15 (18.8)

¹Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 12), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1), coinfection of Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 1), coinfection of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1), and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1).

²Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 3) and Proteus mirabilis (n = 1).

³Pseudomonas stutzeri (n = 2), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 1), Escherichia coli (n = 1), coinfection of Acinetobacter baumannii and Providencia stuartii (n = 1), and Enterococcus faecium (n = 1).

⁴Pseudomonas stutzeri (n = 1), coinfection of Acinetobacter baumannii and Providencia stuartii (n = 1), and Enterococcus faecium (n = 1).

⁵Enterococcus faecium.

⁶Acinetobacter baumannii.

⁷Burkholderia cenocepacia.

⁸Enterococcus faecium.