Racial differences in outcomes among patients with septic shock: A national cohort study

Table 4 Race/ethnicity as a predictor of in-hospital mortality using multivariate logistic regression

Variables	Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Race/Ethnicity
NHW	Ref		Ref
NHB	1.17 (1.15-1.19)	< 0.001	1.04 (1.02-1.06)	< 0.001
Hispanics	1.12 (1.09-1.14)	< 0.001	1.08 (1.06-1.11)	< 0.001
Others	1.14 (1.12-1.17)	< 0.001	1.07 (1.05-1.10)	< 0.001
Female	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.017	1.10 (1.09-1.12)	< 0.001
Elective	1.15 (1.12-1.19)	< 0.001	1.12 (1.08-1.16)	< 0.001
Hospital bed size
Small	Ref		Ref
Medium	1.09 (1.07-1.12)	< 0.001	1.05 (1.02-1.08)	< 0.001
Large	1.16 (1.13-1.18)	< 0.001	1.07 (1.04-1.09)	< 0.001
Hospital teaching status
Rural	Ref		Ref
Urban non-teaching	1.17 (1.13-1.21)	< 0.001	1.02 (0.98-1.06)	0.307
Urban teaching	1.30 (1.26-1.35)	< 0.001	1.08 (1.04-1.11)	< 0.001
Hospital region
Northeast	Ref		Ref
Midwest	0.76 (0.74-0.79)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.75-0.80)	< 0.001
South	0.86 (0.83-0.88)	< 0.001	0.87 (0.84-0.89)	< 0.001
West	0.85 (0.82-0.87)	< 0.001	0.87 (0.85-0.90)	< 0.001
Median household income
1-28999
29000-35999	0.93 (0.91-0.94)	< 0.001	0.94 (0.93-0.96)	< 0.001
36000-46999	0.91 (0.89-0.92)	< 0.001	0.94 (0.92-0.95)	< 0.001
47000+	0.86 (0.85-0.88)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.89-0.93)	< 0.001
Primary payment
Medicare	Ref		Ref
Medicaid	0.82 (0.80-0.83)	< 0.001	0.73 (0.71-0.74)	< 0.001
Private insurance	0.91 (0.89-0.92)	< 0.001	0.83 (0.82-0.85)	< 0.001
Self-pay	1.10 (1.06-1.14)	< 0.001	1.03 (0.99-1.07)	0.11
No charge	0.76 (0.66-0.87)	< 0.001	0.73 (0.64-0.83)	< 0.001
Other	1.32 (1.27-1.38)	< 0.001	1.35 (1.29-1.41)	< 0.001
Comorbidities
Congestive heart failure	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	0.001	0.97 (0.96-0.98)	< 0.001
Cardiac arrhythmias	1.37 (1.35-1.39)	< 0.001	1.28 (1.27-1.30)	< 0.001
Pulmonary circulatory disorders	1.16 (1.14-1.18)	< 0.001	1.11 (1.08-1.13)	< 0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	1.20 (1.17-1.22)	< 0.001	1.27 (1.24-1.29)	< 0.001
Chronic lung disease	1.04 (1.02-1.05)	< 0.001	0.95 (0.94-0.96)	< 0.001
CKD	1.07 (1.06-1.09)	< 0.001	1.11 (1.09-1.12)	< 0.001
Liver disease	2.07 (2.04-2.10)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.80-1.85)	< 0.001
Rheumatologic disorders	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	< 0.001	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	0.879
Coagulopathy	1.35 (1.33-1.37)	< 0.001	1.22 (1.20-1.23)	< 0.001
Obesity	0.86 (0.85-0.88)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.76-0.79)	< 0.001
Fluid and electrolyte disorders	1.33 (1.31-1.35)	< 0.001	1.05 (1.03-1.07)	< 0.001
Alcohol abuse	0.93 (0.91-0.95)	< 0.001	0.89 (0.87-0.91)	< 0.001
Drug abuse	0.70 (0.69-0.72)	< 0.001	0.74 (0.72-0.75)	< 0.001
Depression	0.63 (0.61-0.64)	< 0.001	0.57 (0.56-0.59)	< 0.001
Hypertension	0.96 (0.95-0.97)	< 0.001	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	0.717
Anemia	0.68 (0.66-0.69)	< 0.001	0.71 (0.70-0.73)	< 0.001
Cancer	1.45 (1.43-1.47)	< 0.001	1.73 (1.70-1.76)	< 0.001
Diabetes	0.94 (0.93-0.95)	< 0.001	0.93 (0.91-0.94)	< 0.001
Smoking	0.78 (0.77-0.80)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.76-0.79)	< 0.001
AKI	-	-	1.34 (1.32-1.36)	< 0.001
AKI requiring dialysis	-	-	1.37 (1.34-1.40)	< 0.001
Mechanical ventilation	-	-	3.90 (3.85-3.95)	< 0.001

AKI: Acute kidney injury; NHB: Non-Hispanic Black; NHW: Non-Hispanic White; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; Ref: Reference.