Racial differences in outcomes among patients with septic shock: A national cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of septic shock hospitalization, stratified by race/ethnicity, n (%)

Variables	NHW (n = 2391504)	NHB (n = 524535)	Hispanics (n = 405145)	Others (n = 260320)	P value
Age	67.69 ± 14.75	63.38 ± 15.39	62.58 ± 16.74	65.64 ± 16.37	< 0.001
Female	1130920 (47.3)	256595 (48.9)	182825 (45.1)	118395 (45.5)
Hospital bed size					0.0035
Small	450774 (18.8)	93780 (17.9)	71750 (17.7)	45055 (17.3)
Medium	689954 (28.9)	151535 (28.9)	124735 (30.8)	75240 (28.9)
Large	1250775 (52.3)	279220 (53.2)	208660 (51.5)	140025 (53.8)
Hospital teaching status					< 0.001
Rural	197030 (8.2)	22795 (4.3)	6850 (1.7)	8350 (3.2)
Urban non-teaching	506685 (21.2)	77955 (14.9)	89720 (22.1)	51625 (19.8)
Urban teaching	1687789 (70.6)	423785 (80.8)	308575 (76.2)	200345 (77.0)
Admission					< 0.001
Elective	102625 (4.3)	16710 (3.2)	14610 (3.6)	9960 (3.8)
Missing	3385 (0.1)	765 (0.1)	460 (0.1)	330 (0.1)
Primary payment coverage					< 0.001
Medicare	1609239 (67.3)	317860 (60.6)	206445 (51.0)	144475 (55.5)
Medicaid	252545 (10.6)	100525 (19.2)	97345 (24.0)	51335 (19.7)
Private insurance	403975 (16.9)	76220 (14.5)	65855 (16.3)	47415 (18.2)
Self-pay	55375 (2.3)	14470 (2.8)	23785 (5.9)	9115 (3.5)
No charge	4000 (0.2)	1100 (0.2)	1590 (0.4)	550 (0.2)
Other	63630 (2.7)	13530 (2.6)	9660 (2.4)	7080 (2.7)
Missing	2740 (0.1)	830 (0.2)	465 (0.1)	350 (0.1)
Median household income, $					< 0.001
1-28999	647215 (27.1)	266905 (50.9)	158690 (39.2)	63695 (24.5)
29000-35999	651700 (27.3)	110845 (21.1)	100835 (24.9)	53255 (20.5)
36000-46999	575325 (24.1)	82855 (15.8)	86380 (21.3)	61235 (23.5)
47000+	475645 (19.9)	54170 (10.3)	50045 (12.4)	74660 (28.7)
Missing	41620 (1.7)	9760 (1.9)	9195 (2.3)	7475 (2.9)
Hospital region					< 0.001
Northeast	431420 (18.0)	82520 (15.7)	51890 (12.8)	51375 (19.7)
Midwest	551250 (23.1)	100175 (19.1)	24830 (6.1)	25200 (9.7)
South	958410 (40.1)	288280 (55.0)	158370 (39.1)	66325 (25.5)
West	450424 (18.8)	53560 (10.2)	170055 (42.0)	117420 (45.1)
Comorbidities
Congestive heart failure	879550 (36.8)	205260 (39.1)	120295 (29.7)	84100 (32.3)	< 0.001
Cardiac arrhythmias	1036490 (43.3)	193560 (36.9)	133205 (32.9)	96575 (37.1)	< 0.001
Valvular heart diseases	225415 (9.4)	37995 (7.2)	25705 (6.3)	19340 (7.4)	< 0.001
Pulmonary circulatory disorders	233610 (9.8)	62480 (11.9)	33895 (8.4)	23065 (8.9)	< 0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	264480 (11.1)	54685 (10.4)	33775 (8.3)	23630 (9.1)	< 0.001
Hypertension	1497265 (62.6)	365370 (69.7)	247160 (61.0)	159030 (61.1)	< 0.001
Chronic lung disease	732830 (30.6)	124415 (23.7)	73185 (18.1)	53225 (20.4)	< 0.001
Diabetes	804655 (33.6)	221880 (42.3)	190655 (47.1)	109730 (42.2)	< 0.001
Chronic kidney disease	683580 (28.6)	215725 (41.1)	128585 (31.7)	81530 (31.3)	< 0.001
Liver disease	442915 (18.5)	97530 (18.6)	94405 (23.3)	56030 (21.5)	< 0.001
Anemia	170080 (7.1)	45145 (8.6)	30785 (7.6)	19385 (7.4)	< 0.001
AIDS	8715 (0.4)	14495 (2.8)	4640 (1.1)	1970 (0.8)	< 0.001
Cancer	333525 (13.9)	73540 (14.0)	49790 (12.3)	39595 (15.2)	< 0.001
Rheumatologic disorders	95845 (4.0)	20310 (3.9)	15035 (3.7)	8565 (3.3)	< 0.001
Coagulopathy	615690 (25.7)	151545 (28.9)	126840 (31.3)	81305 (31.2)	< 0.001
Obesity	410760 (17.2)	89985 (17.2)	76005 (18.8)	31645 (12.2)	< 0.001
Fluid and electrolyte disorders	1865804 (78.0)	424535 (80.9)	322810 (79.7)	207375 (79.7)	< 0.001
Alcohol abuse	184730 (7.7)	33290 (6.3)	33860 (8.4)	18570 (7.1)	< 0.001
Drug abuse	138285 (5.8)	27410 (5.2)	21515 (5.3)	10910 (4.2)	< 0.001
Depression	326810 (13.7)	42430 (8.1)	36215 (8.9)	19590 (7.5)	< 0.001
Smoking	328675 (13.7)	59840 (11.4)	30585 (7.5)	20615 (7.9)	< 0.001
Elixhauser comorbidity score	5.51 ± 2.20	5.82 ± 2.22	5.31 ± 2.21	5.33 ± 2.18	< 0.001

AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; NHB: Non-Hispanic Black; NHW: Non-Hispanic White.