Management of intracranial hypertension with and without invasive intracranial pressure monitoring

Table 2 Studies comparing invasive intracranial pressure monitoring vs no invasive intracranial pressure monitoring from 2020 to 2024

Ref.	Country	Design, sample size	Population	Findings
Al Saiegh et al[88]	United States	Retrospective cohort, n = 36929	TBI	ICP monitored patients had a 25% reduction of in-hospital mortality compared to non-ICP monitored patients[79]
Che et al[89]	China	Retrospective cohort, n = 116	ICH	No difference in mortality; ICP monitoring predicted of 6-month favorable outcome (OR: 17, 95%CI: 3-95, P = 0.001)[80]
Ren et al[90]	China	Retrospective cohort, n = 196	ICH	ICP monitoring group presented higher rate of favorable GOS-E at six-months (OR: 0.54, 95%CI: 0.31-0.93, P = 0.027)
Li et al[91]	China	Retrospective cohort, n = 91	Moderate TBI	No difference in 6-month GOS or mortality between the groups
Robba et al[44]	42 countries, mostly in Europe	Prospective cohort, n = 2395	1287 TBI; 587 ICH; 521 SAH	ICP monitoring group with lower 6-month mortality (34% vs 49%, P < 0.0001)
Menacho et al[92]	United States	Retrospective cohort, n = 494	ICH	ICP monitor placement was associated with poor outcome (OR: 2.76, 95%CI: 1.30-5.85, P = 0.008), but not with death (P = 0.652)
Dallagiacoma et al[93]	42 countries, mostly in Europe	Prospective cohort, n = 587	ICH	ICP monitoring is associated with reduction of 6-month mortality (HR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.35-0.71; P = 0.001)
Foote et al[94]	United States	Retrospective cohort, n = 123	Severe TBI	ICP monitored patients had longer length of hospital stay (12 vs 3, P < 0.001)
Yang et al[47]	China	Prospective cohort, n = 2029	Severe TBI	ICP monitoring patients had lower in-hospital mortality (19.82% vs 26.83%, P < 0.001)
Nattino et al[52]	7 countries in Europe	Prospective cohort, n = 1448	TBI	Worse 6-month GOS-E for ICP monitored patients (death/vegetative state: 39.2% vs 40.6%; severe disability: 33.2% vs 25.4%; moderate disability: 15.7% vs 14.9%; good recovery: 11.9% vs 19.1%, P = 0.005)
Shibahashi et al[48]	Japan	Retrospective cohort, n = 31660	Severe TBI	ICP monitoring associated with lower in-hospital mortality (31,9% vs 39.1%, P < 0.001) and no difference in patients with unfavorable outcomes at discharge (80.3% vs 77.8%, P = 0.127)
Lee et al[95]	Korea	Retrospective cohort, n = 912	TBI	No difference in in-hospital mortality (62% vs 58.9%, P = 0.59) or favorable outcome (25.3% vs 24.6%, P = 0.88)
Waack et al[96]	United States	Retrospective cohort, n = 1664	TBI	ICP monitoring associated with less mortality (35.1% vs 42.4%, P < 0.01) and discharge home (7.9%, 19.3%, P < 0.001)

TBI: Traumatic brain injury; ICH: Intracranial hemorrhage; SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; ICP: Intracranial pressure.