Telemedicine in cardiac arrest protocols: Comparative impact of video and audio dispatcher assistance

Table 3 Summaries of included studies, n (%)

Ref.	Morand et al[30], 2023		You et al[31], 2008	Barcala et al[17], 2023	Bolle et al[7], 2011		Bang et al[32], 2020			Bolle et al[33], 2009		Kim et al[8], 2021		Yuksen et al[23], 2016			Lee et al[34], 2018
Comparators	Video		Video telephony-directed	Video calls	Video	Audio	Video	Audio	Non-guide	Video	Audio	Video	Voice	Physicians		EMT	Video
Country	Switzerland		South Korea	Spain	Norway		South Korea			Norway		South Korea		Thailand			South Korea
Study period	2021		2008	2021	2011		Jun-19			December 2006 and January 2007		2020		2014			July to November 2015
Study design	NR		A prospective observational study	Descriptive and comparative design	Randomized controlled trial		Prospective randomized simulation			Clinical trial		Mixed method design		Retrospective study			Randomized trial
Sample size	28		52 public officers	16	90	90	30	30	30	180		12	12	14	14	28	48	48
Participants	Bystander		Public officers	Coastal fshermen	High school students		Laypersons			High school students		NR		Physicians, nurses and EMT			Paramedics
Inclusion criteria	NR		No previous experience with the use of a defibrillator participated in the study	Professional fishermen with at least 10 years of experience (to ensure fully familiar with the boat and with performing tasks while sailing) who had not undergone BLS training in the previous 6 months	High school students from Tromso were recruited as lay bystanders during regular school hours		Adult college students (age ≥ 18 years) and selected 90 participants who did not have formal training, such as the AHA BLS course, in CPR and AED			The study population was selected during regular school hours without prior warning		NR		NR			NR
Age (years)	NR	NR	32.7 ± 6.8	46 ± 4	17.3	17.9	22.5 (22.0-26.25)	22.0 (22.0-23.0)	26 (23.0-25.0)	17.3	17.9	22.33 ± 1.67	22.42 ± 1.98	27.64 ± 2.56	30.64 ± 4.29	29.68 ± 7.013	33 (27-42)	32 (25-43)
BMI (kg/m2)	NR	NR	-	-	-		-			-		-		-			23.4 ± 5.1	23.9 ± 4.8
Male	NR	NR	69 (20)	100%	27%	34%	43 (30)	36 (70)	40%	27%	34%	58 (30)	33 (30)	50%	42 (90)	82%	70 (80)	67 (40)
Female	NR	NR	30 (80)	0%	73%	66%	56 (70)	63 (30)	60%	73%	66%	41 (70)	66 (70)	50%	57 (10)	18%	29 (20)	32 (60)
Has provided CPR	NR	NR	-	-	-		83 (30)	70%	76 (70)	-		-		28 (60)	7 (10)	14 (30)	-
Witnessed an emergency	NR	NR	-	-	-		-			-		-		-			-
Had first aid course	NR	NR	-	-	73%	71%	-			-		-		-			-

BMI: Body mass index; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; AHA: American Heart Association; BLS: Basic life support; CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; AED: Automated external defibrillator; NR: Not reported; EMT: Emergency medical technician.