Impact of psychiatric disorders on surgical outcomes: A comprehensive review of preoperative screening and interventions

Table 1 Linking psychiatric disorders to surgical outcomes

Psychiatric disorder	Prevalence in surgical patients	Associated surgical complications	Mechanisms involved
Anxiety disorders	10%-40% across different surgical cohorts	Cardiovascular complications, airway management difficulties, inadequate sedation, delayed wound healing	Elevated heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, elevated stress hormones
Depression	10%-20% of individuals scheduled for surgery	Reduced adherence to preoperative directives, infections, delayed wound healing, cognitive impairments affecting decision-making	Reduced motivation, energy, self-care abilities, cognitive impairments
Substance use disorders	Commonly encountered (specific percentage not stated)	Drug interactions, inadequate pain management, anesthesia complications, bleeding, infections, delayed wound healing	Cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic dysfunctions, increased tolerance to analgesics, nutritional deficiencies, compromised immune function
Psychotic disorders	Less common but warrant significant attention	Confusion, agitation, communication difficulties, cooperation issues during anesthesia induction, difficulties with postoperative directives	Hallucinations, delusions, confusion, agitation, communication difficulties
Bipolar disorder	Significant challenges during perioperative period	Impulsive behavior affecting decisions, diminished motivation impacting care adherence, medication interactions	Mood fluctuations (manic/depressive episodes), disrupted sleep patterns, medication interactions with anesthetics
Eating disorders	Present unique challenges (prevalence not specified)	Severe nutritional deficiencies, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular abnormalities, difficulties with postoperative nutritional management	Irregular eating patterns, nutritional deficiencies, distorted body image perceptions, preoccupation with weight