Abdominal obesity adversely affects bone mass in children

Table 1 Descriptive data of the overweight and normal weight groups

Covariates	Overweight n = 23	Normal weight n = 14	P value
	mean (SD)	mean (SD)
Age (mo)	187 (25.4)	198 (31.1)	0.40b
Gender (% age females)	43.48%	57.14%	0.42
Birth weight (g)	3385 (644)	3179 (908)	0.42b
Weight (kg)	93.7 (19.9)	57.4 (7.51)	< 0.0001a
Weight %ile	95.1 (6.35)	52.5 (20.8)	< 0.0001b
Height (cm)	168 (9.90)	167 (6.92)	0.72a
Height %ile	59.3 (30.5)	60.1 (31.2)	0.88b
BMI kg/m2	32.9 (5.60)	20.5 (1.51)	< 0.0001a
BMI %ile	96.6 (3.17)	47.3 (17.1)	< 0.0001b
Total activity time/d (min)	303 (125)	307 (109)	0.93
Apolipoprotein C III (mg/dL)	6.71 (1.53)	6.56 (140)	0.75a
C-reactive protein	2.81 (2.85)c	2.61(2.41)d	0.86
HOMA-IR	3.23 (1.78)	2.49 (3.49)	0.02
Waist circumference (cm)	98.5 (13.7)	69.2 (5.79)	< 0.0001a
Hip circumference (cm)	118 (11.4)	94.8 (5.72)	< 0.0001a
Waist to hip ratio	0.84 (0.06)	0.73 (0.05)	< 0.0001a
Total lean mass (kg) (DXA)	50.58 (10.78)	55.40 (12.68)	0.23a
Percent trunk fat (DXA)	36.4 (9.3)	17.1 (6.49)	< 0.0001
Spine BMD (g/cm2)	1.06 (0.14)	1.06 (0.13)	0.95a
BMD L-spine Z-score	1.32 (1.24)	1.36 (1.00)	0.92
Whole body BMD (g/cm2)	1.10 (0.09)	1.06 (0.07)	0.21a
Whole body BMC (g)	2417 (408)	2116 (281)	0.02a

^aStudent’s t-test;

^bWilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test;

^cn = 16;

^dn = 9. SD: Standard deviation; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; BMD: Bone mineral density; BMC: Bone mineral content; BMI: Body mass index.