Shortened eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine plus skin cooling for pediatric vaccination pain: A randomized non-inferiority trial

Figure 3 Non-inferiority forest plot of adjusted mean differences in Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale scores between the groups. Estimates are presented as adjusted mean differences (group B minus group A), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Negative values indicate that the participants who received the eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine for 20 minutes plus skin cooling experienced less pain than those who received the eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine for 40 minutes. The dashed vertical line represents the prespecified non-inferiority margin of +1.4. Non-inferiority was confirmed when the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval was below the prespecified margin. CI: Confidence interval. Claude (Anthropic, San Francisco, CA, United States) was used to generate the foundational digital layouts and structural frameworks for this figure.