Psychobiotics in pediatric autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of efficacy, mechanisms, and clinical translation

Table 4 Probiotic strains, dose, and treatment duration across included autism spectrum disorder studies

Ref.	Probiotic strain(s)	Formulation type	Dose	Treatment duration
Mazzone et al[32]	Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA-6475 + Lactobacillus reuteri DSM-17938	Two-strain probiotic	2 × 108 CFU chewable tablets	6 months
Narula Khanna et al[25]	Multi-strain probiotic formulation containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species	2-10 × 109 CFU/day	Oral sachet	3 months
Shaaban et al[28]	Multi-strain probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum)	5 × 109 CFU/day	Oral capsule	3 months
Santocchi et al[30]	De Simone Formulation (Vivomixx®): Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus thermophilus	Santocchi multi-strain probiotic	450 billion CFU/day	6 months
Kong et al[26]	Lactobacillus plantarum PS128	Single-strain psychobiotic	6 × 1010 CFU/day	28 weeks
Li et al[27]	2 g/packet, containing at least 2.0 × 107 CFU of live Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis)	Multi-strain probiotic	0.5 packets orally three times daily	3 months
Meguid et al[34]	Lactobacillus spp. + Bifidobacterium spp.	Multi-strain nutritional probiotic supplement	108 CFU/g	3 months
Liu et al[24]	Lactobacillus plantarum PS128	Single-strain probiotic	3 × 1010 CFU/ capsule	4 weeks
Liu et al[22]	Lactobacillus plantarum PS128	Single-strain probiotic	6 × 1010 CFU	2 and 4 months
Mensi et al[23]	Lactobacillus plantarum PS128	Single-strain psychobiotic	3 × 1010-6 × 1010 CFU/day	6 months
Billeci et al[31]	Same De Simone multi-strain formulation used in Santocchi trial	Multi-strain probiotic	450 billion CFU/day	6 months
Shaaban et al[28]	Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum (100 × 106 CFU/g)	Multi-strain probiotic	5 gm/day	3 months
Arnold et al[19]	VISBIOME probiotic (8 species, four strains of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus), three strains of bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium breve), and one strain of Streptococcus thermophilus	Multi-strain probiotic	900 billion CFU/day	8 weeks
Schmitt et al[29]	Lactobacillus reuteri	Single-strain probiotic	2 × 1010 CFU/day	4 weeks
Sanctuary et al[21]	Bifidobacterium infantis + bovine colostrum product	Single-strain probiotic	20 billion CFU/day	5 weeks
Wang et al[20]	Bifidobacterium infantis Bi-26, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, Bifidobacterium lactis BL-04, and Lactobacillus paracasei	Multi-strain probiotic	1010 CFU/day	30, 60, 108 days

ATCC PTA: American type culture collection, patent and trademark office designation; Bi-26: Strain designation Bi-26; BL-04: Strain designation BL-04; CFU: Colony-forming units; DSM: Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen; HN001: Strain designation HN001; PS128: Strain designation PS128; spp: Species (plural).