Positive childhood experiences and their association with behavioral problems in Thai early adolescents

Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression results for the association between demographic characteristics and risk or problematic behavioral and emotional problems¹

Factors	Risk or problematic behavioral and emotional problems
	Emotional problem	Conduct problem	Hyperactive problem	Peer problem	Prosocial behavior
Child’s factor
Sex
Male	-	Reference		-	-
Female	-	0.704 (0.427, 1.160); 0.168	0.884 (0.485, 1.613); 0.688	-	-
School type
Public school	-	-	Reference	-	-
Private school	-	-	1.286 (0.650, 2.541); 0.470	-	-
GPAX
2.01-3.00	Reference				-
> 3.00	0.441 (0.213, 0.913); 0.027a	0.993 (0.543, 1.818); 0.983	0.792 (0.390, 1.609); 0.519	0.862 (0.447, 1.663); 0.658	-
Caregiver and family factors
Caregiver’s age in years
31-40	Reference
41-50	0.956 (0.469, 1.949); 0.902	1.018 (0.581, 1.785); 0.905	1.621 (0.808, 3.251); 0.174	1.223 (0.635, 2.354); 0.548	0.542 (0.268, 1.093); 0.087
> 50	17.098 (1.971, 148.291); 0.010a	1.900 (0.629, 5.744); 0.255	0.702 (0.149, 3.309); 0.655	2.842 (0.957, 8.438); 0.060	1.876 (0.343, 10.264); 0.468
Caregiver’s sex
Male	Reference	-	-		-
Female	3.154 (0.150, 66.287); 0.460	-	-		-
Caregiver’s marital status
Married	Reference				-
Divorce	2.906 (0.363, 23.258); 0.315	2.599 (0.847, 7.971); 0.095	1.871 (0.394, 8.875); 0.430	1.079 (0.338, 3.444); 0.898	-
Relationship with child
Mother	Reference	-	-	-	-
Father	2.657 (0.112, 63.297); 0.546	-	-	-	-
Others	0.303 (0.031, 2.935); 0.303	-	-	-	-
Father’s educational level
Less than Bachelor’s	Reference
More than a Bachelor’s	1.219 (0.219, 6.796); 0.822	1.613 (0.483, 5.384); 0.437	1.003 (0.283, 3.556); 0.997	1.197 (0.378, 3.795); 0.760	0.604 (0.348, 1.278); 0.124
Mother’s educational level
Less than Bachelor’s	Reference
More than a Bachelor’s	1.744 (0.288, 10.547); 0.544	1.156 (0.341, 3.916); 0.816	0.379 (0.106, 1.354); 0.135	0.351 (0.110, 1.122); 0.77	0.354 (0.089, 1.417); 0.142
Father’s occupation
Public sector	Reference		-	-	-
Private sector	0.567 (0.292, 1.099); 0.093	0.634 (0.374, 1.075); 0.091	-	-	-
Mother’s occupation
Public sector	-	-	Reference	-	-
Private sector	-	-	0.968 (0.473, 1.984); 0.930	-	-
Unemployed	-	-	0.178 (0.005, 6.711); 0.351	-	-
Family monthly income
$617-$1544	Reference
> $1544	0.536 (0.096, 2.985); 0.476	0.449 (0.136, 1.484); 0.189	0.450 (0.120, 1.685); 0.236	1.744 (0.487, 6.241); 0.392	1.238 (0.290, 5.280); 0.773
Caregiver’s mental health problems	-	2.319 (0.820, 6.553); 0.113	6.077 (1.394, 26.490); 0.016a	1.468 (0.510, 4.228); 0.477	0.768 (0.232, 2.543); 0.666
PCEs
Mentorship	0.140 (0.062, 0.316); < 0.001a	0.646 (0.318, 1.315); 0.228	0.350 (0.158, 0.772); 0.009a	0.359 (0.172, 0.749); 0.006a	0.091 (0.042, 0.198); < 0.001a
Family resilience	0.390 (0.166, 0.916); 0.031a	0.789 (0.380, 1.639); 0.525	0.375 (0.168, 0.836); 0.016a	0.322 (0.154, 0.672); 0.003a	0.278 (0.122, 0.633); 0.002a
Safe neighborhood	1.839 (0.693, 4.882); 0.221	0.657 (0.339, 1.274); 0.214	1.410 (0.571, 3.480); 0.456	0.645 (0.310, 1.344); 0.242	-
Supportive neighborhood	0.460 (0.218, 0.972); 0.042a	0.710 (0.395, 1.275); 0.251	0.591 (0.287, 1.218); 0.154	-	0.749 (0.355, 1.582); 0.449
Afterschool activity	0.790 (0.386, 1.618); 0.520	0.853 (0.486, 1.496); 0.578	1.025 (0.502, 2.094); 0.945	0.489 (0.267, 0.897); 0.021a	0.317 (0.157, 0.642); 0.001a
Volunteerism	1.010 (0.471, 2.163); 0.980	1.354 (0.743, 2.467); 0.322	0.738 (0.345, 1.581); 0.434	-	-
Share ideas with the caregiver	0.132 (0.050, 0.351); < 0.01a	0.226 (0.105, 0.488); < 0.01a	0.066 (0.026, 0.167); < 0.001a	0.217 (0.101, 0.468); < 0.001a	0.294 (0.123, 0.707); 0.006a
Number of PCEs ≥ 4	0.256 (0.079, 0.830); 0.023a	0.400 (0.158, 1.015); 0.054	0.324 (0.107, 0.982); 0.046a	2.039 (0.816, 5.092); 0.127	2.165 (0.794, 5.898); 0.131

^aP < 0.05, factors that were statistically significant; data were not included due to P > 0.2 in the univariate logistic regression analysis.

¹Data are presented as the odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

GPAX: Cumulative grade-point average; PCEs: Positive childhood experiences.