Positive childhood experiences and their association with behavioral problems in Thai early adolescents

doi:10.5409/wjcp.117939

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Dec 9, 2026; 15(4): 117939
Published online Dec 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.117939

Table 2 Univariate logistic regression results for the association between demographic characteristics and risk or problematic behavioral and emotional problems¹

Factors	Risk or problematic behavioral and emotional problem
Factors	Emotional problem	Conduct problem	Hyperactive problem	Peer problem	Prosocial behavior
Child’s factor
Sex
Male	Reference
Female	0.814 (0.542, 1.222); 0.321	0.653 (0.429, 0.994); 0.047^a	0.732 (0.483, 1.109); 0.141^a	1.028 (0.628, 1.684); 0.912	0.750 (0.453, 1.240); 0.262
Education
Upper primary school	Reference
Junior high school	1.100 (0.733, 1.651); 0.645	1.098 (0.722, 1.669); 0.663	1.074 (0.709, 1.626); 0.736	0.903 (0.552, 1.476); 0.683	0.732 (0.440, 1.217); 0.229
School type
Public school	Reference
Private school	0.896 (0.597, 1.345); 0.597	0.848 (0.558, 1.291); 0.443	0.761 (0.501, 1.154); 0.199^a	0.791 (0.483, 1.295); 0.352	1.017 (0.616, 1.681); 0.947
GPAX
2.01-3.00	Reference
> 3.00	0.408 (0.261, 0.639); < 0.001^a	0.534 (0.336, 0.853); 0.009^a	0.427 (0.271, 0.674); < 0.001^a	0.548 (0.321, 0.936); 0.028^a	0.886 (0.492, 1.595); 0.686
Physical health problems
No	Reference
Yes	1.261 (0.632, 2.520); 0.511	1.094 (0.525, 2.281); 0.810	1.208 (0.593, 2.461); 0.603	0.751 (0.287, 1.967); 0.560	1.467 (0.654, 3.289); 0.352
Caregiver and family factors
Caregiver’s age in years
31-40	Reference
41-50	1.003 (0.629, 1.599); 0.990	0.955 (0.595, 1.534); 0.850	1.106 (0.689, 1.776); 0.676	1.073 (0.606, 1.900); 0.808	0.698 (0.405, 1.205); 0.197^a
> 50	4.152 (1.818, 9.479); 0.001^a	2.464 (1.056, 5.748); 0.037^a	1.890 (0.783, 4.564); 0.157^a	3.245 (1.291, 8.154); 0.012^a	1.435 (0.529, 3.893); 0.478
Caregiver’s sex
Male	Reference
Female	0.585 (0.317, 1.082); 0.087	1.140 (0.554, 2.344); 0.722	0.731 (0.383, 1.396); 0.343	0.667 (0.320, 1.392); 0.281	0.474 (0.236, 0.953); 0.036^a
Caregiver’s marital status
Married	Reference
Divorce	15.614 (5.693, 42.820); < 0.001^a	8.979 (3.733, 21.596); < 0.001^a	13.295 (5.140, 34.389) < 0.001^a	3.409 (1.404, 8.278); 0.007^a	11.500 (4.878, 27.111); < 0.001
Relationship with child
Mother	Reference
Father	1.792 (0.913, 3.519); 0.090^a	0.905 (0.407, 2.014); 0.806	1.512 (0.749, 3.054); 0.248	1.526 (0.677, 3.442); 0.308	1.908 (0.871, 4.180); 0.107^a
Others	1.160 (0.415, 3.243); 0.777	1.583 (0.598, 4.189); 0.355	0.919 (0.302, 2.795); 0.882	1.571 (0.512, 4.822); 0.430	1.201 (0.343, 4.204); 0.774
Father’s educational level
Below a bachelor’s degree	Reference
Bachelor’s degree and above	0.355 (0.197, 0.640); 0.001^a	0.411 (0.224, 0.754); 0.004^a	0.226 (0.126, 0.406); < 0.001	0.349 (0.181, 0.673); 0.002^a	0.604 (0.288, 1.265); 0.182^a
Mother’s educational level
Less than Bachelor’s	Reference
More than a Bachelor’s	0.286 (0.169, 0.484); < 0.001^a	0.309 (0.181, 0.528); < 0.001^a	0.179 (0.105, 0.305); < 0.001^a	0.265 (0.148, 0.475); < 0.001^a	0.352 (0.191, 0.647); 0.001^a
Father’s occupation
Public sector	Reference
Private sector	0.658 (0.437, 0.990); 0.045^a	0.670 (0.439, 1.021); 0.062^a	1.029 (0.674, 1.572); 0.894	0.872 (0.531, 1.432); 0.588	0.778 (0.469, 1.289); 0.330
Mother’s occupation
Public sector	Reference
Private sector	0.972 (0.616, 1.533); 0.902	0.930 (0.583, 1.486); 0.763	1.394 (0.852, 2.281); 0.186	0.918 (0.532, 1.587); 0.760	0.838 (0.482, 1.455); 0.530
Unemployed	0.856 (0.092, 7.924); 0.891	0.927 (0.100, 8.598); 0.947	1.210 (0.130, 11.289); 0.867	1.488 (0.158, 13.972); 0.728	1.488 (0.158, 13.972); 0.728
Family monthly income (per month)
$617-$1544	Reference
> $1544	0.189 (0.107, 0.335); < 0.001^a	0.212 (0.120, 0.375); < 0.001^a	0.132 (0.074, 0.237); < 0.001	0.284 (0.152, 0.530); < 0.001^a	0.290 (0.154, 0.547); < 0.001^a
Caregiver’s physical health problems	0.744 (0.210, 2.631); 0.646	0.833 (0.235, 2.952); 0.777	0.805 (0.227, 2.849); 0.736	1.364 (0.382, 4.866); 0.632	0.411 (0.054, 3.150); 0.392
Caregiver’s mental health problems	-²	10.395 (4.583, 23.578); < 0.001^a	22.760 (8.455, 61.267); < 0.001^a	4.346 (1.962, 9.624); < 0.001^a	4.682 (2.109, 10.395); < 0.001^a
PCEs
Mentorship	0.072 (0.043, 0.121); < 0.001^a	0.216 (0.133, 0.352); < 0.001^a	0.101 (0.061, 0.166); < 0.001^a	0.217 (0.127, 0.371); < 0.001^a	0.076 (0.043, 0.133); < 0.001^a
Family resilience	0.107 (0.065, 0.175); < 0.001^a	0.237 (0.146, 0.383); < 0.001^a	0.120 (0.074, 0.196); < 0.001^a	0.233 (0.137, 0.398); < 0.001^a	0.155 (0.090, 0.266); < 0.001^a
Safe neighborhood	0.504 (0.321, 0.792); 0.003	0.385 (0.244, 0.607); < 0.001^a	0.476 (0.301, 0.753); 0.001^a	0.548 (0.321, 0.936); 0.028^a	0.744 (0.420, 1.316); 0.310
Supportive neighborhood	0.358 (0.223, 0.576); < 0.001^a	0.470 (0.294, 0.751); 0.002^a	0.423 (0.263, 0.678); < 0.001^a	0.729 (0.433, 1.227); 0.234	0.694 (0.405, 1.187); 0.182^a
Afterschool activity	0.623 (0.413, 0.940); 0.024^a	0.613 (0.401, 0.937); 0.024^a	0.715 (0.469, 1.089); 0.118^a	0.573 (0.350, 0.939); 0.027^a	0.474 (0.285, 0.786); 0.004^a
Volunteerism	0.490 (0.298, 0.806); < 0.005^a	0.726 (0.450, 1.174); 0.192	0.441 (0.261, 0.744); 0.002^a	0.862 (0.498, 1.495); 0.598	1.021 (0.590, 1.766); 0.942
Share ideas with the caregiver	0.059 (0.030, 0.116); < 0.001^a	0.126 (0.070, 0.227); < 0.001^a	0.041 (0.020, 0.084); < 0.001^a	0.135 (0.073, 0.248); < 0.001^a	0.149 (0.081, 0.276); < 0.001^a
Number of PCEs ≥ 4	0.048 (0.028, 0.081); < 0.001^a	0.116 (0.071, 0.187); < 0.001^a	0.057 (0.034, 0.096); < 0.001^a	0.249 (0.147, 0.422); < 0.001^a	0.154 (0.090, 0.264); < 0.001^a

^aP < 0.2, potential significant factor, which will be included in multivariable logistic regression models.

¹Data are presented as the odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

²Without emotional problems, caregivers with mental health problems. This represents complete separation in the data. Because of this, logistic regression could not produce a valid odds ratio due to infinite estimates.

GPAX: Cumulative grade-point average; PCEs: Positive childhood experiences.

Full Size Table

Citation: Vivattanasinchai T, Wannapaschaiyong P. Positive childhood experiences and their association with behavioral problems in Thai early adolescents. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(4): 117939
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i4/117939.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.117939

Vivattanasinchai T, Wannapaschaiyong P. Positive childhood experiences and their association with behavioral problems in Thai early adolescents. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(4): 117939 [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.117939]

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