Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and dyslipidemia in obese children with metabolic syndrome

Table 4 Multivariable models for association of Helicobacter pylori positivity with key outcomes (adjusted for age, sex, and standardized body mass index value)

Outcome	Effect measure	Adjusted estimate (95%CI)	P value
Elevated blood pressure	OR	4.37 (1.57-12.21)	0.005a
Hepatomegaly	OR	4.53 (1.60-12.83)	0.004a
HOMA-IR (log model)	Ratio	2.98 (2.48-3.57)	< 0.001a
TNF-α	β	+0.91 (0.07-1.75)	0.037a
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	β	+28.54 (18.30-38.79)	< 0.001a
LDL-C (mg/dL)	β	+13.76 (5.25-22.26)	0.002a
HDL-C (mg/dL)	β	-16.22 (-23.99 to -8.45)	< 0.001a
ALT (log model)	Ratio	1.86 (1.39-2.49)	< 0.001a
AST (log model)	Ratio	1.77 (1.52-2.06)	< 0.001a
Fasting plasma glucose (log model)	Ratio	1.40 (1.23-1.59)	< 0.001a
HbA1c (%)	β	+0.79 (-0.08 to 1.65)	0.080

^aP < 0.05.

Models adjusted for age, sex, and standardized body mass index value. “β” represents adjusted mean difference. “Ratio” represents the back-transformed effect from log-linear models. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IQR: Interquartile range; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.