Congenital aphallia: From embryology to management - a focused minireview

doi:10.5409/wjcp.121760

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Sep 9, 2026; 15(3): 121760
Published online Sep 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.121760

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Figure 1 Embryogenesis of male external genitalia and pathogenesis of aphallia, illustrating normal genital tubercle development, androgen-driven differentiation and mechanisms leading to genital tubercle agenesis and ectopic urethral positioning. The figure layout was assisted by an artificial intelligence-based tool (NotebookLM); however, all scientific content, conceptualization, labeling and annotations were independently developed by the authors. SRY: Sex determining region Y; DHT: Dihydrotestosterone; SHH: Sonic hedgehog; FGF: Fibroblast growth factors.

Citation: Nahid E, Ahmad MF, Shafique MA. Congenital aphallia: From embryology to management - a focused minireview. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(3): 121760
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i3/121760.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.121760

Nahid E, Ahmad MF, Shafique MA. Congenital aphallia: From embryology to management - a focused minireview. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(3): 121760 [PMID: 42626244 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.121760]

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