Chronic postsurgical pain in children: Current evidence and clinical perspectives

Table 1 Studies demonstrating the prevalence of chronic postsurgical pain associated with pediatric surgeries

Ref.	Design and setting	Surgery type(s)	Follow-up time(s)	CPSP prevalence/incidence
Rosenbloom et al[2], United States	Prospective cohort, tertiary children’s hospital	Mixed major surgeries (orthopedic, thoracic, abdominal)	6 and 12 months	35% at 6 months; 38% at 12 months (moderate to severe CPSP)
Dugan et al[16], United States	Single-center cross-sectional online survey, tertiary pediatric hospital	Surgeries across multiple specialties	Median of several years after surgery	30% of respondents reported CPSP
Rabbitts et al[11]	Systematic review + meta-analysis (4 cohorts)	Mostly major surgeries, mixed type	12 months (most studies)	Median prevalence of 20% at 12 months (IQR 14.5%-38%)
Sim et al[17]	Systematic review of prevalence (20 studies, n approximately 3742)	Wide range, mostly major surgery (orthopedic, spine, thoracic)	≥ 3 months; subgroup analyses at 3-5 and 6-12 months	Individual study prevalence ranged 10%-63%
Rosenbloom et al[5]	Systematic review + meta-analysis (20 studies, n = 3742)	Mostly major surgeries; spinal fusion subgroup analysis	3-5 months and 6-12 months	Overall pooled prevalence 282% (95% confidence interval: 21.4%-36.1%); 27% at 3-5 months; 29% at 6-12 months; spinal fusion subgroup 31% (95% confidence interval: 21.4%-43.5%)

CPSP: Chronic postsurgical pain; IQR: Interquartile range.