Distinct early gut microbiota patterns by delivery mode within 100 hours of birth

Figure 1 Bacterial diversities in the stool of predominant breastfed neonates according to mode of delivery and time of stool collection. A total of 140 samples were analyzed (cesarean section < 24 hours, n = 31; cesarean section 24-48 hours, n = 18; cesarean section > 48 hours, n = 25; vaginal delivery < 24 hours, n = 23; vaginal delivery 24-48 hours, n = 30; vaginal delivery > 48 hours, n = 13). A: Observed species; B: Alpha diversity based on species richness (Chao1 index); C: Alpha diversity based on species richness and evenness (Shannon index) were used to assess within-sample diversity; D: Beta diversity between samples was assessed using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and visualized by principal coordinate analysis. Statistical differences in alpha diversity were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test, while differences in beta diversity were assessed using PERMANOVA, ^aP < 0.001; ^bP < 0.05.