Linkage of kynurenine pathway metabolites to neuroinflammation in drug-naive children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional, case–control study

Table 1 Socio-demographic, clinical characteristics, and Conner Parent Rating Scale-48 subscale scores of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and control, n (%)/median (interquartile range)

	ADHD group (n = 51)	Control group (n = 36)	P value
Males/females	34/17 (67/33)	17/19 (47/53)	0.070
Smoking (yes)	5 (9.8)	-	0.074
Psychiatric illness in the family	22 (43.1)	8 (22.2)	0.043
Age (months)	151 (115-169)	154 (123-180)	0.438
BMI percentile	52 (24.8-74.5)	66.4 (27.9-75.4)	0.957
Time since symptoms onset (months)	36 (24-60)	-	-
CPRS-48 subscale scores
Conduct problems	10 (5-16)	2 (0-3)	< 0.001
Learning problems	7 (6-10)	1 (0-3)	< 0.001
Psychosomatic	6 (2-9)	0.5 (0-3.5)	< 0.001
Impulsive-hyperactive	7 (5-9)	2.5 (1-5)	< 0.001
Anxiety	8 (5-12)	4 (2-6)	< 0.001
Total score	49 (32-69)	42 (7-24.5)	< 0.001

BMI: Body mass index; CPRS-48: Conner Parent Rating Scale-48.