Impact of breast milk composition on nutritional status of term neonates with congenital heart defects: A prospective study

Table 2 Associations of variables with delta of weight-for-age z score from the preoperative period to discharge in operated neonates with congenital heart defects

	Univariable regression
	Coefficient	Standard error	T	P >|t|
General characteristics and postoperative morbidities
WAZ at birth	-0.36	0.68	-0.53	0.599
Gestational age, (weeks)	-0.69	0.65	-1.06	0.299
Length ABT preoperatively (days)	-0.72	0.44	-1.65	0.113
Length ABT postoperatively (days)	-2.26	0.46	-4.94	0.001
Full EF, POD	-2.32	0.41	-5.60	0.001
Pneumonia postoperatively1	-0.67	0.31	-2.17	0.041
NEC postoperatively1	-0.15	0.39	-0.39	0.699
Regurgitation postoperatively1	-0.81	0.48	-1.68	0.106
Day of surgery	-0.41	0.64	-0.64	0.528
Days in NICU	-1.98	0.62	-3.20	0.004
Transfer to mother’s ward, POD	-1.97	0.52	-3.82	0.001
Days of hospitalization postoperatively	-2.26	0.44	-5.10	0.001
Total intake on POD 14
Fat (g/kg/day)	1.58	0.71	2.23	0.036
Protein (g/kg/day)	-0.77	0.60	-1.28	0.214
Carbohydrates (g/kg/day)	-0.79	0.47	-1.69	0.106
Energy (kcal/kg/day)	1.61	0.78	2.08	0.049
EF volume (mL/kg/day)	1.05	0.46	2.28	0.032
Total intake before surgery
Fat (g/kg/day)	0.31	0.75	0.42	0.679
Protein (g/kg/day)	0.05	0.66	0.07	0.945
Carbohydrates (g/kg/day)	0.08	0.88	0.09	0.927
Energy (kcal/kg/day)	0.17	0.65	0.26	0.797
EF volume DOL 7 (mL/kg/day)	1.03	0.53	1.93	0.066
Perioperative characteristics
Aristotle score	-0.69	0.55	-1.27	0.217
Bypass length (minutes)	-0.65	0.48	-1.35	0.190
Operation length (minutes)	-0.47	0.61	-0.78	0.442
VIS 0-24 h postoperatively, max	-0.74	0.57	-1.31	0.203
VIS 24-48 h postoperatively, max	-1.72	0.72	-2.40	0.025
Inotropes length (days)	-1.76	0.68	-2.57	0.017
Ventilation length (days)	-2.05	0.62	-3.32	0.003
Shunt (BTS/Norwood/DKS)1	-1.33	0.36	-3.74	0.001
Bypass1	-0.73	0.36	-2.05	0.051
Delayed sternal closure1	-0.61	0.35	-1.73	0.097
Feeding intolerance, early postoperatively	-0.87	0.34	-2.52	0.019
RBC transfusions1	-0.57	0.32	-1.82	0.082
Mature mother’s milk composition
Fat (g/100 mL)	-0.69	0.78	-0.90	0.378
Total protein (g/100 mL)	0.80	0.78	1.02	0.318
True protein (g/100 mL)	0.93	0.79	1.17	0.254
Carbohydrates (g/100 mL)	-0.17	0.78	-0.23	0.824
Energy (kcal/100 mL)	-0.60	0.76	-0.79	0.436
Characteristics of feeding with mother’s milk
HMF/preterm formula postoperatively1	-0.82	0.33	-2.51	0.020
Mean weight gain in BM feeding postoperatively (g/day)	1.25	0.73	1.71	0.101
Start of BM feeding, POD	-1.97	0.50	-3.98	0.001
BM feeding only, POD	-2.21	0.45	-4.91	0.001
Days of BM preoperatively	-0.82	0.68	-1.22	0.236
Days BM postoperatively	-1.26	0.57	-2.21	0.037
BM feeding, % of POD	0.41	0.58	0.71	0.485
BM feeding, % of hospitalization	0.23	0.65	0.34	0.734
	Multivariable regression
Length ABT postoperatively (days)	-1.18	0.54	-2.17	0.041
Full EF, POD	-1.54	0.53	-2.94	0.008

¹Indicates the presence of the condition, coded as a binary variable. WAZ: Weight-for-age z score; Length ABT: Duration of antibacterial treatment; EF: Enteral feeding; DOL: Day of life; POD: Postoperative day; NEC: Necrotizing enterocolitis; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; VIS: Vasoactive inotropic score; BTS: Modified Blalock-Taussig shunt; DKS: Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure; RBC: Red blood cells; HMF: Human milk fortification; BM: Breast milk.