Impact of breast milk composition on nutritional status of term neonates with congenital heart defects: A prospective study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of term neonates with congenital heart defects

	Operated (n = 25)	Non-operated (n = 10)	P value
Birth weight (g)	3340.0 (3130.0-3620.0)	3640.0 (3227.5-3895.0)	0.201
WAZ at birth	0.07 (-0.28-0.55)	0.72 (-0.25-1.36)	0.228
IUGR	1 (4.0)	1 (10.0)	0.524
Gestational age, weeks	39.6 (39.0-40.0)	40.00 (39.1-40.4)	0.687
Male neonates, female neonates	13, 12	3, 7	0.285
Age of mother (years)	29.0 (25.0-33.0)	31.00 (23.0-36.5)	0.609
Mothers from North Caucasian ethnic groups	14 (56.0)	4 (40.0)	0.471
Cesarean section	6 (24.0)	1 (10.0)	0.644
Gestational diabetes	1 (4.0)	3 (30.0)	0.061
Preeclampsia	2 (8.0)	2 (20.0)	0.561
Age at surgery, DOL	6.0 (5.0-8.5)
Aristotle score	7.0 (6.0-10.0)
Palliative surgery	7 (28.0)
Operation duration (minute)	240.0 (185.0-305)
Cardiopulmonary bypass	18 (72.0)
Cardiopulmonary bypass duration, min	115.0 (0.0-180.5)
Max. VIS 0-24 h after surgery	15.0 (5.0-21.0)
Max. VIS 24-48 h after surgery	8.0 (5.0-16.5)
Length of inotropic therapy, days	2.0 (1.0-4.5)
Length of assisted ventilation, days	2.0 (1.0-4.0)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Days in NICU after surgery	5.0 (4.0-9.0)
Discharge from NICU, DOL	13.0 (10.0-15.0)
Start of enteral feeding after surgery (POD)	1.0 (1.0-1.0)
Pneumonia (during hospital stay), N	10 (40.0)	3 (30.0)	0.709
NEC (during hospital stay)	6 (24.0)	1 (10.0)	0.644
Full enteral feeding		9.00 (3.2-14.8)	0.002
DOL	22.0 (16.0-32.0)
POD	8.5 (15.0-26.0)
RBC transfusions, from birth to discharge (except intraoperative)	10 (40.0)	0 (0.0)	0.034
Transfer to mother’s ward, DOL	28.0 (20.0-34.0)	10.0 (5.3-15.7)	0.003
Start of BM feeding postoperatively
DOL	16.0 (13.0-28.0)
POD	11.00 (5.0-19.0)
Discharge, DOL	33.5 (27.0-37.5)	20.50 (17.2-27.0)	0.015
Discharge, POD	26.00 (16.0-31.0)

Data are presented as n (%)/median (25^th-75^th percentiles). WAZ: Weight-for-age z score; IUGR: Intrauterine growth retardation; VIS: Vasoactive inotropic score; NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit; NEC: Necrotizing enterocolitis; RBC: Red blood cells; DOL: Day of life; POD: Postoperative day.