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Observational Study
©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026.
World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2026; 15(1): 111828
Published online Mar 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111828
Table 2 Lifestyles and stress-related characteristics

Total (n = 1874)
Constipated (n = 302)
Non-constipated (n = 1572)
P value
Exclusive breastfeeding for the 1st 6 months889 (47.5)151 (50)738 (47)0.467
Adequate fluid intake per age1495 (79.8)229 (75.8)1266 (80.5)0.062
Adequate fruit and vegetable consumption per age1729 (92.3)259 (85.8)1470 (93.5)< 0.001a
History of probiotics exposure267 (14.2)69 (22.8)198 (12.4)< 0.001a
History of fiber supplementation100 (5.3)48 (15.9)52 (3.3)< 0.001a
Media exposure (age < 2 years)221 (17.8)48 (31.8)173 (15.8)< 0.001a
Screen time (age > 2 years); > 1 hour176 (26.8)72 (27.8)104 (26.1)0.623
Physical activity (age > 1 year)N = 1326N = 271N = 10550.079
No147 (11.1)21 (7.8)126 (11.9)
< 1 hour372 (28.1)86 (31.8)286 (27.11)
> 1 hour807 (60.9)164 (60.1)643 (61.0)
Adequate sleep duration for age1794 (95.7)292 (96.7)1502 (95.5)0.369
Stressful life event in family302 (16.1)66 (21.9)213 (13.6)< 0.001a
(1) Family related stressors
Neglect9 (0.5)2 (0.7)7 (0.5)
Parental divorce39 (2.1)10 (3.3)29 (1.8)
Unemployment29 (1.6)10 (3.3)19 (1.2)
Financial difficulties85 (4.5)19 (6.3)66 (4.2)
Domestic violence8 (0.4)2 (0.7)6 (0.4)
Serious illness or death of a family member44 (2.4)8 (2.7)36 (2.3)
(2) Environmental stressors
Relocation94 (5.0)20 (6.6)74 (4.7)
School transitions23 (1.2)5 (1.7)18 (1.2)
Severe illness or death of pet20 (1.1)3 (1.0)17 (1.1)
(3) Psychological stressors
Traumatic events impacted mental well-being11 (0.6)4 (1.3)7 (0.4)
(4) Others13 (0.7)6 (2.0)7 (0.4)


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