Gastrointestinal consequences of cesarean section birth: A systematic review of short- and long-term effects in infancy and beyond

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111501

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. No commercial re-use. See Permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2026; 15(1): 111501
Published online Mar 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111501

Table 14 Summary of risk of bias assessment across included studies

Study domain	No. of studies	Risk of bias assessment	Tools used
Observational studies (cohort, case-control)	54	37 low risk, 14 moderate, 3 high	Newcastle-Ottawa scale
Randomized controlled trials	6	5 low risk, 1 some concerns	RoB 2.0 tool
Cross-sectional studies	12	7 moderate risk, 5 high risk	AXIS appraisal tool (when applicable)
Systematic reviews/meta-analyses	3	2 low risk, 1 Moderate	AMSTAR 2

Total studies reviewed: 75. Overall quality distribution: Low risk of bias: 44 studies (58.6%), moderate risk of bias: 22 studies (29.3%), high risk of bias: 9 studies (12.0%).

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Citation: Al-Beltagi M, Alzayani S, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, Prabu Kumar A, Bediwy HA, Elbeltagi R. Gastrointestinal consequences of cesarean section birth: A systematic review of short- and long-term effects in infancy and beyond. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(1): 111501
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i1/111501.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111501

Al-Beltagi M, Alzayani S, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, Prabu Kumar A, Bediwy HA, Elbeltagi R. Gastrointestinal consequences of cesarean section birth: A systematic review of short- and long-term effects in infancy and beyond. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(1): 111501 [PMID: 41884021 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111501]

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