Maternal and neonatal determinants of newborn sepsis: A case-control study in resource-limited settings

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2026; 15(1): 111423
Published online Mar 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423

Table 2 Neonatal risk factors for sepsis: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, n (%)

	Total (n = 453)	Case (n = 146)	Control (n = 307)	P value	COR with 95%CI	AOR with 95%CI
Gestation
Preterm	157 (34.7)	84 (57.6)	73 (23.8)	< 0.01	4.9 (1.6-8.2)	4.3 (2.8-6.6)
Term	296 (65.3)	62 (42.4)	234 (76.2)	< 0.01	4.9 (1.6-8.2)	4.3 (2.8-6.6)
Birth weight in grams
≤ 1500	50 (11)	33 (22.6)	17 (3.8)	< 0.01	4.6 (1.2-7.2)	3.6 (2.2-5.7)
> 1500	403 (89)	113 (77.3)	290 (94.5)	< 0.01	4.6 (1.2-7.2)	3.6 (2.2-5.7)
< 2500	159 (35.1)	86 (58.9)	73 (23.8)	< 0.01	3.2 (1.0-6.3)	2.2 (1.0-4.4)
≥ 2500	294 (64.9)	60 (41.1)	234 (76.2)	< 0.01	3.2 (1.0-6.3)	2.2 (1.0-4.4)
Birth weight centile
Appropriate for gestation	412 (93.4)	126 (86.3)	286 (93.2)	< 0.01	3.7 (1.01-5.1)	2.1 (1.1-4)
Small for gestation	41 (9.1)	20 (13.7)	21 (6.8)	< 0.01	3.7 (1.01-5.1)	2.1 (1.1-4)
Birth asphyxia
No	392 (86.5)	108 (74.0)	284 (92.5)	< 0.01	5.2 (3.1-7.2)	4.3 (2.4-7.6)
Yes	61 (13.5)	38 (26.0)	23 (7.5)	< 0.01	5.2 (3.1-7.2)	4.3 (2.4-7.6)
Resuscitation details
Initial steps only	6 (9.8)	2 (5.3)	4 (17.4)
Bag and mask	37 (60.7)	24 (63.2)	13 (56.5)	0.14	0.24 (0.04-1.6)
Intubation	18 (29.5)	12 (31.5)	6 (26.1)	0.2	0.27 (0.03-1.95)
APGAR at 5 minutes
≤ 3	22 (36.1)	16 (42.1)	6 (26.1)	0.2	2.06 (0.6-6.3)
> 3	39 (63.9)	22 (57.9)	17 (73.9)	0.2	2.06 (0.6-6.3)
Surfactant given
Yes	34 (7.5)	27 (18.5)	7 (2.3)	< 0.01	11.1 (3.7-26.8)	9.7 (4.1-22.9)
No	419 (92.5)	119 (81.5)	300 (97.7)	< 0.01	11.1 (3.7-26.8)	9.7 (4.1-22.9)
CPAP required
Yes	134 (29.6)	98 (67.1)	36 (11.7)	< 0.01	18.4 (10.1-28.3)	15.4 (9.4-25.1)
No	319 (70.4)	48 (32.9)	271 (88.3)	< 0.01	18.4 (10.1-28.3)	15.4 (9.4-25.1)
Duration for CPAP in hours
> 96	84 (62.7)	60 (64.5)	24 (58.5)	0.5	1.28 (0.6-2.7)
≤ 96	50 (37.3)	33 (35.5)	17 (41.5)	0.5	1.28 (0.6-2.7)
Invasive ventilation required
Yes	40 (8.8)	38 (26)	2 (0.7)	< 0.01	58.1 (12-89.8)	53 (12.7-89)
No	413 (91.2)	108 (74)	305 (99.3)	< 0.01	58.1 (12-89.8)	53 (12.7-89)
Apnea
Yes	27 (6)	26 (17.8)	1 (0.3)	< 0.01	5.1 (2.6-15)	4 (2.8-12.9)
No	426 (94)	120 (82.2)	306 (99.7)	< 0.01	5.1 (2.6-15)	4 (2.8-12.9)
Total SNCU stay in days
< 3	204 (45)	9 (6.2)	195 (63.5)	< 0.001	15.2 (3.6-55)	12.9 (10-53.2)
≥ 3	249 (54.9)	137 (93.8)	112 (36.5)	< 0.001	15.2 (3.6-55)	12.9 (10-53.2)
< 7	305 (67.3)	28 (19.2)	277 (90.2)	< 0.001	42 (1.1-99.9)	38.9 (22.2-68)
≥ 7	148 (32.7)	118 (80.8)	30 (9.8)	< 0.001	42 (1.1-99.9)	38.9 (22.2-68)
< 15	374 (82.5)	76 (52)	298 (97)	< 0.001	38.1 (1.1-99.9)	30 (14.5-63.8)
≥ 15	79 (17.5)	70 (48)	9 (3)	< 0.001	38.1 (1.1-99.9)	30 (14.5-63.8)

AOR: Adjusted odd ratio; CI: Confidence interval; COR: Crude odd ratio; CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure; SNCU: Sick newborn care unit.

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Citation: Qureshi MA, Sood M, Thakur P, Sood I. Maternal and neonatal determinants of newborn sepsis: A case-control study in resource-limited settings. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(1): 111423
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i1/111423.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423

Qureshi MA, Sood M, Thakur P, Sood I. Maternal and neonatal determinants of newborn sepsis: A case-control study in resource-limited settings. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(1): 111423 [PMID: 41884033 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423]

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