Maternal and neonatal determinants of newborn sepsis: A case-control study in resource-limited settings

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

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2219-2808

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World J Clin Pediatr. Mar 9, 2026; 15(1): 111423
Published online Mar 9, 2026. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423

Table 1 Maternal risk factors for neonatal sepsis: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, n (%)/mean ± SD

	Total (n = 453)	Case (n = 146)	Control (n = 307)	P value	Crude odds ratio with 95%CI	AOR with 95%CI
Sex
Female	193 (42.6)	50 (34.2)	143 (46.6)	0.013	1.6 (1.13-2.48)	1.9 (1.03-3.5)
Male	260 (57.4)	96 (65.8)	164 (53.4)	0.013	1.6 (1.13-2.48)	1.9 (1.03-3.5)
Place of delivery
Clean labor room	233 (51.4)	74 (50.7)	159 (51.8)	0.917	1.4 (0.2-8.7)
Operation theater	220 (48.6)	72 (49.3)	148 (48.2)	0.917	1.4 (0.2-8.7)
Assisted vaginal delivery
No	420 (92.7)	115 (78.7))	305 (99.3)	0.02	4.8 (1.1-20.5)	3.4 (1.1-14.9)
Forceps	33 (7.3)	31 (21.3)	2 (0.7)	0.02	4.8 (1.1-20.5)	3.4 (1.1-14.9)
Maternal age in years	27.2 ± 5.4	26.7 ± 5.4	27.4 ± 5.3	0.16	0.98 (0.94-1.02)
Maternal education
Uneducated	75 (16.6)	32 (21.9)	43 (14)
Matric	182 (40.2)	70 (47.9)	112 (36.5)	0.14	1.5 (0.8-2.5)	1.5 (0.6-2.1)
High school	138 (30.5)	36 (24.7)	102 (33.2)	0.003	2.4 (1.3-4.4)	2.0 (1.0-3.9)
Graduate and above	58 (12.8)	8 (5.5)	50 (16.3)	< 0.01	4.4 (1.8-10.8)	3.1 (1.1-8.2)
Maternal parity
Primigravida	167 (36.8)	57 (39)	110 (37)	0.36	1.15 (0.76-1.72)
Multigravida	286 (63.2)	89 (61)	197 (63)	0.36	1.15 (0.76-1.72)
ANC visits
< 4	46 (10.2)	29 (19.9)	17 (5.5)	< 0.01	4.2 (2.2-7.9)	2.9 (1.4-6.5)
≥ 4	407 (89.8)	117 (80.1)	290 (94.5)	< 0.01	4.2 (2.2-7.9)	2.9 (1.4-6.5)
< 8	447 (98.3)	145 (99.3)	302 (98.4)	0.42	0.4 (0.04-3.6)
≥ 8	6 (1.3)	1 (0.7)	5 (1.6)	0.42	0.4 (0.04-3.6)
Duration of labor in hours
< 24	414 (91.4)	123 (84.2)	300 (97.7)	< 0.01	8.0 (3.3-19.1)	6.2 (2.8-17)
≥ 24	30 (6.6)	23 (15.8)	7 (2.3)	< 0.01	8.0 (3.3-19.1)	6.2 (2.8-17)
Duration of rupture of membranes in hours
< 18	414 (91.4)	122 (83.6)	292 (95.1)	< 0.01	3.8 (1.9-7.5)	3.1 (1.6-6.8)
≥ 18	39 (8.6)	24 (16.4)	15 (4.9)	< 0.01	3.8 (1.9-7.5)	3.1 (1.6-6.8)
UTI in mother
Yes	19 (4.2)	16 (11)	3 (1)	< 0.01	12.5 (3.57-43.5)	3.5 (2.4-29.4)
No	434 (95.8)	130 (89)	304(99)	< 0.01	12.5 (3.57-43.5)	3.5 (2.4-29.4)
Unclean vaginal examination
Yes	62 (13.7)	51 (34.9)	11 (3.6)	< 0.01	14.4 (7.24-28.8)	4.2 (1.6-11)
No	391 (86.3)	95 (65.1)	296 (96.4)	< 0.01	14.4 (7.24-28.8)	4.2 (1.6-11)
Foul smelling liquor
Yes	40 (8.7)	37 (25.3)	3 (1)	< 0.01*	34.4 (10.4-114)	10.3 (1.9-56.4)
No	413 (91.3)	109 (74.7)	304 (99)	< 0.01*	34.4 (10.4-114)	10.3 (1.9-56.4)
Meconium stained liquor
Yes	83 (18.3)	33 (22.6)	50 (16.3)	0.1	1.5 (0.9-2.4)
No	370 (81.7)	113 (77.4)	257 (83.7)	0.1	1.5 (0.9-2.4)

ANC: Antenatal care; AOR: Adjusted odd ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation; UTI: Urinary tract infection.

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Citation: Qureshi MA, Sood M, Thakur P, Sood I. Maternal and neonatal determinants of newborn sepsis: A case-control study in resource-limited settings. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(1): 111423
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v15/i1/111423.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423

Qureshi MA, Sood M, Thakur P, Sood I. Maternal and neonatal determinants of newborn sepsis: A case-control study in resource-limited settings. World J Clin Pediatr 2026; 15(1): 111423 [PMID: 41884033 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v15.i1.111423]

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