Impact of low vision and blindness on characteristics of developmental delay in children younger than 6 years

Table 4 Factors associated with language and personal-social skills in children with visual impairment

Factors	Language						Personal and social
	DQ		Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis		DQ		Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	< 70, n = 122	≥ 70, n = 39	OR (95%CI)	P valuea	AOR (95%CI)	P valueb	< 70, n = 122	≥ 70, n = 39	OR (95%CI)	P valuea	AOR (95%CI)	P valueb
Eye disease
Cortical visual impairment	36 (29.5)	1 (2.6)	15.9 (2.1-120.3)	< 0.001	9.1 (1.1-75.4)	0.040b	36 (29.5)	1 (2.6)	15.9 (2.1-120.3)	< 0.001	9.1 (1.1-75.9)	0.041b
Optic nerve hypoplasia	14 (11.5)	1 (2.6)	4.9 (0.6-38.7)	0.120	6.0 (0.5-66.3)	0.145	-	-	-	-	-	-
Retinopathy of prematurity	7 (5.7)	5 (12.8)	0.4 (0.1-1.4)	0.165	0.4 (0.1-1.5)	0.155	-	-	-	-	-	-
Delay visual maturation	10 (8.2)	0	-	0.120	-	-	10 (8.2)	0	-	0.120	-	-
Visual acuity
Not fix and follow	65 (53.3)	8 (20.5)	6.9 (2.8-17.4)	< 0.001	5.3 (1.8-15.3)	0.002b	69 (56.6)	4 (10.3)	18.7 (5.9-59.1)	< 0.001	13.4 (4.0-44.7)	< 0.001b
Poor/fair fix and follow	30 (24.6)	8 (20.5)	3.2 (1.2-8.3)	< 0.001	3.1 (0.9-10.0)	0.062	29 (23.8)	9 (23.1)	3.5 (1.4-8.9)	0.009	2.5 (0.9-7.0)	0.074
Good fix and follow	27 (22.1)	23 (59.0)	Reference		Reference		24 (19.7)	26 (66.7)	Reference		Reference
Multiple disabilities	55 (45.1)	6 (15.4)	4.5 (7.8-11.6)	0.001	2.8 (0.9-8.5)	0.076	55 (45.1)	6 (15.4)	4.5 (1.8-11.6)	0.001	2.4 (0.8-7.1)	0.108
Prenatal risk
Cerebral dysgenesis	46 (37.7)	8 (20.5)	2.3 (1.0-5.5)	0.053	1.0 (0.3-3.5)	0.943	-	-	-	-	-	-
Intrauterine infections	3 (2.5)	4 (10.3)	0.2 (0.5-1.0)	0.059	0.2 (0.0-1.6)	0.134	-	-	-	-	-	-
Perinatal risk
Birth asphyxia	-	-	-	-	-	-	21 (17.2)	2 (5.1)	3.8 (0.9-17.2)	0.069	1.9 (0.4-10.5)	0.446
Postnatal risk
Head trauma	-	-	-	-	-	-	7 (5.7)	0	-	0.197	-	-
Hx previous stimulation1	31 (25.4)	1 (2.6)	12.9 (1.7-98.3)	0.002	7.3 (0.9-60.4)	0.064	30 (24.6)	2 (5.1)	6.0 (1.4-26.5)	0.010	4.2 (0.8-20.9)	0.083

^aP < 0.2.

^bP < 0.05.

¹Hx previous stimulation, history of developmental stimulation elsewhere.

OR: Odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; DQ: Developmental quotient.