Impact of low vision and blindness on characteristics of developmental delay in children younger than 6 years

Table 3 Factors associated with gross and fine motor skills in children with visual impairment, n (%)

Factors	Gross motor						Fine motor
	DQ		Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis		DQ		Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	< 70, n = 124	≥ 70, n = 37	OR (95%CI)	P valuea	AOR (95%CI)	P valueb	< 70, n = 127	≥ 70, n = 34	OR (95%CI)	P valuea	AOR (95%CI)	P valueb
Eye disease
Cortical visual impairment	37 (29.8)	0	-	< 0.001	-	-	35 (27.6)	2 (5.9)	6.1 (1.4-26.8)	0.010	2.6 (0.5-13.0)	0.251
Retinopathy of prematurity	7 (5.4)	6 (15.8)	0.3 (0.1-0.9)	0.031	0.2 (0.0-2.1)	0.176	-	-	-	-	-	-
Visual acuity
Not fix and follow	67 (54.0)	6 (16.2)	8.8 (3.2-24.)	< 0.001	10.0 (3.0-33.0)	< 0.001b	69 (54.3)	4 (11.8)	15.9 (5.0-50.3)	< 0.001	12.8 (3.8-42.0)	< 0.001b
Poor/fair fix and follow	29 (23.4)	9 (24.3)	2.5 (1.0-6.4)	0.051	2.7 (0.8-8.9)	0.101	32 (25.2)	6 (17.6)	4.9 (1.8-13.8)	< 0.001	4.3 (1.4-12.8)	< 0.001b
Good fix and follow	28 (22.6)	22 (59.5)	Reference		Reference		26 (20.5)	24 (70.6)	Reference		Reference
Multiple disabilities	58 (46.8)	3 (8.1)	10.0 (2.9-34.1)	< 0.001	7.7 (2.0-29.7)	0.003b	57 (44.9)	4 (11.8)	6.2 (2.0-18.4)	< 0.001	4.0 (1.9-13.2)	0.026b
Prenatal risk
Cerebral dysgenesis	49 (39.5)	5 (13.5)	4.2 (1.5-11.5)	0.005	3.1 (1.0-9.7)	0.056	47 (37.0)	7 (20.6)	2.3 (0.9-5.6)	0.101	1.9 (0.7-5.4)	0.229
Perinatal risk
GA < 32 weeks	10 (8.1)	7 (18.9)	0.4 (0.1-1.1)	0.071	0.9 (0.1-7.6)	0.892	-	-	-	-	-	-
GA 32-36 weeks	19 (15.3)	5 (13.5)	1.0 (0.3-2.9)	1.000	0.7 (0.2-2.8)	0.597	-	-	-	-	-	-
GA ≥ 37 weeks	95 (76.6)	25 (67.6)	Reference		Reference		-	-	-	-	-	-
Hx previous stimulation1	31 (25.0)	1 (2.7)	12.0 (1.6-91.2)	0.004	6.9 (0.7-64.6)	0.089	32 (25.2)	0	-	0.001	-	-

^aP < 0.2 indicates significant.

^bP < 0.05 indicates significant.

¹Hx previous stimulation, history of developmental stimulation elsewhere.

OR: Odds ratio; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; DQ: Developmental quotient; GA: Gestational age.