Impact of low vision and blindness on characteristics of developmental delay in children younger than 6 years

Table 1 Demographic data on characteristics of visual impairment/disability and systemic risks for developmental delay, n (%)

Demographic data	Total, n = 161
Diagnosis (eye)
Cortical visual impairment	37 (23.0)
Optic neuropathy/atrophy	26 (16.1)
Optic nerve hypoplasia	15 (9.3)
Retinopathy of prematurity	12 (7.5)
Microphthalmos/anophthalmos	11 (6.8)
Delay in visual maturation	10 (6.2)
Leber’s congenital amaurosis	6 (3.7)
Achromatopsia	5 (3.1)
Foveal hypoplasia	4 (2.5)
Retinal coloboma	4 (2.5)
Congenital cataract	4 (2.5)
Persistent fetal vasculature	3 (1.9)
Congenital glaucoma	3 (1.9)
Others1	21 (13.0)
Visual acuity (better eye)
Not fix and follow	73 (45.3)
Poor/fair fix and follow	38 (23.6)
Good fix and follow	50 (31.1)
Disability type
Visual impairment only	100 (62.1)
Cerebral palsy with VI (multiple disabilities)	54 (33.5)
Autistic with VI (multiple disabilities)	1 (0.6)
Hearing impairment with VI (multiple disabilities)	13 (8.1)
Prenatal risk
Genetic disorders	25 (15.5)
Cerebral dysgenesis	54 (33.5)
Intrauterine infections	7 (4.3)
Perinatal risk
Preterm, GA < 32 weeks	17 (10.5)
Preterm, GA 32-36 weeks	24 (14.9)
VLBW (< 1500 g)	16 (9.9)
LBW (1500-2500 g)	31 (19.3)
Birth asphyxia	23 (14.3)
Postnatal risk
CNS infection	3 (1.9)
Head trauma	7 (4.3)
History of developmental stimulation elsewhere
No	129 (80.1)
Yes	32 (19.9)

¹Other ocular diseases include Peter's anomaly, microcornea/sclerocornea, cone/rod dystrophy, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, congenital stationary night blindness, chorioretinitis, macular scar, vitreous/retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, retinoblastoma, congenital nystagmus, congenital ptosis, congenital myopathy.

VI: Visual impairment; GA: Gestational age; VLBW: Very low birth weight; LBW: Low birth weight; CNS: Central nervous system.