Diagnostic and prognostic utility of D-dimer and heparin-binding protein in neonatal sepsis: A prospective case-control study

Table 1 Demographic, basal characteristics and risk factors for sepsis of the studied groups, n (%)/mean ± SD

Parameter	Sepsis group (n = 45)		P value1	Controls (n = 45)	P value2
	Proven sepsis (n = 28)	Suspected sepsis (n = 17)
Sex (Males)	15 (53.6)	10 (58.8)	0.73	22 (48.9)	0.77
Age (days)	11.88 ± 11.74	11.74 ± 10.29	0.81	11.74 ± 10.29	0.11
Gestational age
Term	14 (50.0)	10 (58.8)	0.56	27 (60.0)	0.69
Preterm	14 (50.0%)	7 (41.2)		18 (40.0)
Birth weight (kg)
Normal birth weight	18 (64.3)	14 (82.4)	0.33	36 (80.0)	0.18
Low birth weight	8 (28.6)	3 (17.6)		9 (20.0)
Very low birth weight	2 (7.1)	0 (0.0)		0.0
Apgar score	8.07 ± 2.16	8.71 ± 2.14	0.29	9.96 ± 0.21	< 0.0001
Resuscitation	13 (46.4)	5 (29.4)	0.25	0.0	< 0.0001
Delayed first cry	13 (46.4)	5 (29.4)	0.25	0.0	< 0.0001
Infant of diabetic mother	0.0	0.0	N/A	5 (11.1)	0.56
Sepsis onset
Early onset	14 (50.0)	7 (41.2)	0.56	0.0	N/A
Late onset	14 (50.0)	10 (58.8)		0.0
Outcome
Survivors	23 (82.1)	17 (100)	0.14	45 (100)	0.004
Nonsurvivors	5 (17.9)	0.0		0.0
Days of admission	17.68 ± 5.09	10.65 ± 1.93	0.03	4.78 ± 2.36	< 0.0001
Maternal risk factors
PROM	16 (57.1)	8 (47.1)	0.51	5 (11.1)	< 0.0001
Preeclampsia	6 (21.4)	1 (5.9)	0.23	0.0	0.02
Antepartum hemorrhage	3 (10.7)	2 (11.8)	1.0	0.0	0.03
Urinary tract infection	3 (10.7)	0.0	0.03	0.0	0.02
Chorioamnionitis	1 (3.6)	0.0	0.01	0.0	0.01
Mode of delivery
Vaginal	2 (7.1)	1 (5.9)	1.0	5 (11.1)	0.89
Caesarian	26 (92.9)	16 (94.1)		40 (88.9)

¹Proven sepsis vs suspected sepsis.

²Sepsis group vs controls.

N/A: Not applicable; PROM: Premature rupture of membrane.