Steroid response and outcomes in childhood nephrotic syndrome: A multicenter, cross-sectional study from Jordan

Table 1 Baseline demographics and characteristics of children with childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Characteristic	Frequency (n = 122)	Percentage (%)
Male	78	63.9
Female	44	36.1
Center
Karak	44	36.1
Al Basheer	62	50.8
Jordan University	16	13.1
Positive family history	19	15.6
Underwent biopsy	57	46.7
Underwent genetic testing	6	4.9
Age at diagnosis, years (median)	4 (1–14)
Follow-up time, years (median)	2 (1–15)
Time to first relapse, months (median)	9 (2–18)
Median number of relapses per year median)	2.6 ± 1.7
Median time of steroid-sparing use (years)	2 (1–4)
Median age of the cohort at data entry (years)	8 (2–18)
Premature	4	3.3
Birth weight < 2.5 kg	10	8.2
Clinical course and outcomes
Type of nephrotic syndrome
SSNS	53	43.4
SRNS	23	18.9
SDNS	35	28.7
FRNS	11	9.0
Use of steroid-sparing medications	51	41.8
Microscopic hematuria	36	29.5
Hypertension	22	18.0
Nephrotic syndrome complications	49	40.2
CKD and ESKD	9	7.4
Dialysis	8	6.6
Transplant	4	3.3
Death	4	3.3
Significant steroid side effects	21	17.2
Type of steroid side effects (n = 21)
Bone and leg pain	7	33.3
Aggression	7	33.3
Hypertension	1	4.8
Obesity	6	28.6

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ESKD: End-stage kidney disease; SSNS: Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome; SRNS: Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; SDNS: Steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome; FRNS: Frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome.