Emerging biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and related pediatric outcomes

Table 8 Summarized details of emerging inflammatory biomarker for diagnosis and early prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated outcomes

Biomarker	Description	Expression level	Potential role	Ref.
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Upregulated	Associated with insulin resistance and GDM	Srivastava et al[122], Hosseini et al[123], Tutar et al[124]
IL-1β	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Upregulated	Involved in inflammation and GDM	Zgutka et al[125], Yousif et al[126]
IL-8	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Upregulated	Associated with inflammation and GDM	Vilotić et al[127]
CRP	Acute-phase protein	Upregulated	Exacerbating insulin resistance and glucose metabolism dysregulation	Quansah et al[128], Chakraborty et al[129]
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha	Pro-inflammatory cytokine	Upregulated	Involved in inflammation and GDM	Saucedo et al[61], Hosseini et al[123]
High-sensitivity CRP	Sensitive marker of inflammation	Upregulated	Potential biomarker for GDM prediction	Xiang et al[21], Tao et al[130]

CRP: C-reactive protein; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; IL: Interleukin.