Emerging biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and related pediatric outcomes

Table 7 Summarized details of emerging genetic biomarker (single nucleotide polymorphisms) for diagnosis and early prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated outcomes

Gene	Variant/mutation	Potential role	Ref.
TCF7 L2	Rs7903146 (C/T)	Associated with GDM risk and insulin secretion	Shalabi et al[106], Fang et al[107]
KCNQ1	Rs2237892 (C/T)	Regulating insulin secretion and glucose metabolism	Ortega-Contreras et al[108], Alshammary et al[109]
CDKAL1	Rs7754840 (C/G)	Associated with GDM risk and insulin secretion	Mahdizade et al[110], Wang et al[111]
HHEX	Rs1111875 (C/T)	Associated with GDM risk and pancreatic function	Zeng et al[112], Xie et al[113]
SLC30A8	Rs13266634 (C/T)	Regulating zinc transport and insulin secretion	Xie et al[113], Zeng et al[114]
GCK	Rs1799884 (A/T)	Regulating glucose sensing and insulin secretion	Hu et al[115], Popova et al[116]
MTNR1B	Rs10830963 (G/C)	Associated with GDM risk and insulin secretion	Chen et al[117], Bai et al[118]
PPARγ	Rs1801282 (C/G)	Regulating glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and adipogenesis	Chen et al[117], Wu et al[119]

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.