Emerging biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and related pediatric outcomes

Table 6 Summarized details of emerging epigenetic (microRNAs) biomarkers for diagnosis and early prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated outcomes

MicroRNAs	Expression level	Potential role	Ref.
MiR-16	Upregulated	Involved in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism	Hocaoglu et al[83], Alimoradi et al[84], Sørensen et al[85]
MiR-29a	Upregulated	Involved in glucose metabolism and insulin signaling	Hocaoglu et al[83], Li et al[86], Dalgaard et al[87]
MiR-335	Upregulated	Regulating insulin resistance and pancreatic islet β-cell secretion	Gezginci-Oktayoglu et al[88], Li et al[89]
MiR-132	Upregulated	Associated with insulin resistance and GDM	Carr et al[90], Sałówka and Martinez-Sanchez[91]
MiR-222	Need for further research	Contributing to estrogen-induced insulin resistance	He et al[92], Valerio et al[93]
MiR-17	Upregulated	Involved in insulin signaling pathways	Ejaz et al[94], Jiang et al[95]
MiR-19a	Upregulated	Enhance β-cell function by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, contribute to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance	Holvoet[96], Du et al[97]
MiR-19b	Upregulated	Involved in insulin signaling pathways	Chao et al[98], He et al[99]
MiR-20a	Upregulated	Involved in insulin signaling pathways	He et al[92], da Silva et al[100]
MiR-223	Downregulated	Associated with insulin sensitivity and GDM	He et al[92], da Silva et al[100], Masete et al[101]
MiR-330-3p	Upregulated	Potential biomarker for GDM diagnosis	He et al[92], da Silva et al[100]
MiR-144	Downregulated	Associated with insulin sensitivity and GDM	Juchnicka et al[102], Zhang et al[103]
MiR-195	Upregulated	Associated with insulin resistance and GDM	He et al[92], da Silva et al[100], Masete et al[101]
MiR-21	Upregulated	Potential biomarker for GDM prediction	Silva et al[100], Kunysz et al[104]

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.