Emerging biomarkers for gestational diabetes mellitus and related pediatric outcomes

Table 4 Summarized details of predictive biomarkers for pediatric outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus

Predictive biomarkers for pediatric outcomes of GDM		Ref.
Fetal ultrasound	Valuable tool for monitoring the fetal development and pediatric outcomes. Detect growth restriction, growth patterns, congenital anomalies, and fetal macrosomia. Predict neurodevelopmental outcomes, such as cerebral palsy. Enables early detection of potential issues. Timely interventions and informing personalized care plans	Rathnayake et al[5], Parsaei et al[39], David et al[64], Sodje[65], Debbink et al[66]
Maternal glucose level	High level can lead to fetal macrosomia, increasing the risk of birth injuries and complications. Impact long-term pediatric outcomes, such as obesity and metabolic disorders. Regular monitoring is crucial for managing GDM and inform personalized care plans for pregnant women	Rathnayake et al[5], Bernea et al[29], Parsaei et al[39], Ornoy et al[67]

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.