Unraveling functional neurological disorder in pediatric populations: A systematic review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes

Table 3 The triggers and exacerbating factors in pediatric functional neurological disorder

Category	Trigger/exacerbating factor	Examples
Psychological stress	Acute stress	School-related stress (e.g., exams, academic pressure). Social stress (e.g., bullying, peer conflicts)
	Chronic stress	Family dynamics (e.g., conflict, divorce). Pressure to conform (e.g., social or familial expectations)
Psychological trauma	Acute trauma	Single traumatic events (e.g., car accident, sudden loss)
	Chronic trauma	Ongoing abuse or neglect (e.g., physical, emotional, sexual)
Environmental and social	Changes in environment	Relocation or change of school. Family financial stress
	Social influences	Peer pressure. Social media and cyberbullying
Physical health	Illness or injury	Previous medical conditions. Injury or pain
Cognitive and ermotional	Anxiety and Depression	Coexisting mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression)
	Negative cognitive patterns	Catastrophizing. Negative beliefs about health