Prematurity is a risk factor of disorders of gut-brain interaction in adults: A case-control study

Table 5 Risk factors with odds ratios and P value for several diagnoses of disorders of gut-brain interaction in adults born preterm

Risk factors	Odds ratios (95%CI)	P value
At least one DGBI
Male sex2	0.32 (0.11-0.84)	0.02
Fatigue score1,2	1.2 (1.02-1.34)	0.03
Pain interference score1,2	1.4 (1.07-2.02)	0.04
Pain intensity1,2	1.5 (1.15-1.95)	0.01
Mild depression (PHQ-9)2	3.4 (1.19-10.72)	0.03
Moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9)2	9 (2.1-63)	0.01
Moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9)3	8.98 (2.01-64.90)	0.01
At least one functional gastroduodenal disorder
Physical function score1,2	0.8 (0.64-0.94)	0.01
Fatigue score1,2	1.17 (1.01-1.34)	0.04
Ability to participate in social roles and activities score1,2	0.7 (0.5-0.8)	0.01
Pain interference score1,2	1.4 (1.12-1.73)	0.01
Pain intensity1,2	1.3 (1.04-1.69)	0.02
Moderate to severe anxiety (GAD-7)2	5.9 (1.18-29.18)	0.03
Antidepressant2	7.1 (1.84-28.69)	0.01
Ability to participate in social roles and activities score1,3	0.74 (0.55-0.97)	0.04
At least one functional bowel disorder
Male sex2	0.2 (0.08-0.64)	0.01
Pain interference score1,2	1.3 (1.05-1.79)	0.04
Pain intensity1,2	1.5 (1.17-1.98)	0.01
Moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9)2	10 (2.32-70.21)	0.01
Male gender3	0.3 (0.071-0.85)	0.03
Moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9)3	6.8 (1.25-55.12)	0.04
Irritable bowel syndrome
Chorioamniotis2	18.3 (3.37-123.46)	0.01
Anxiety score1,2	1.2 (1.05-1.46)	0.02
Sleep disorder score1,2	1.2 (1.02-1.43)	0.03
Pain interference score1,2	1.3 (1.09-1.62)	0.01
Pain intensity1,2	1.7 (1.29-2.35)	0.01
Moderate to severe anxiety (GAD7)2	11.3 (2.31-61.42)	0.01
Chorioamniotis3	14.94 (1.23-273.79)	0.04
Pain intensity1,3	1.81 (1.14-3.15)	0.02
Functional constipation
Moderate to severe anxiety (GAD7)2	5 (1.13-23.72)	0.03
Moderate to severe anxiety (GAD7)3	4.9 (1.05-24.66)	0.04
At least one pain related DGBI
Duration of mechanical ventilation (days)2	0.96 (0.92-0.99)	0.02
Hospitalization duration (days)2	0.97 (0.94-0.99)	0.02
Chorioamniotis2	18 (2.70-166.31)	0.01
Anxiety score1,2	1.22 (1.06-1.44)	0.01
Depression score1,2	1.17 (1.03-1.35)	0.02
Fatigue score1,2	1.2 (1.05-1.40)	0.01
Ability to participate in social roles and activities score1,2	0.81 (0.67-0.95)	0.01
Pain interference score1,2	1.5 (1.20-2.01)	0.01
Pain intensity1,2	1.8 (1.36-2.46)	0.01
Moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9)2	14.3 (2.74-110.58)	0.01
Moderate to severe anxiety (GAD-7)2	14.7 (3.08-86.35)	0.01
Antidepressant2	3.9 (0.10-14.99)	0.04
Pain intensity1,3	2.15 (1.18-5.3)	0.04

¹As evaluated through the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29 items questionnaire.

²Univariate analysis.

³Multivariate analysis.

DGBI: Disorders of gut-brain interaction; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 items; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items.