Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic differences between immunoglobulin E-mediated and non-immunoglobulin E-mediated cow’s milk protein allergy in children

Table 2 History and physical examination findings of children with cow’s milk protein allergy, n (%)

History/physical examination1	Total, n = 595 (100)	IgE-mediated, n = 135 (22.7)	Non-IgE-mediated, n = 460 (77.3)	P valuea
Presenting history
Gastrointestinal manifestations	567 (95.3)	128 (94.8)	439 (95.4)	0.817
Vomiting	282 (47.4)	61 (45.2)	221 (48.0)	0.624
Constipation	200 (33.6)	47 (34.8)	153 (33.3)	0.756
Diarrhea	198 (33.3)	54 (40.0)	144 (31.3)	0.062
Colic	152 (25.5)	32 (23.7)	120 (26.1)	0.654
Blood in the stool	126 (21.2)	22 (16.3)	104 (22.6)	0.121
Failure to thrive	102 (17.1)	33 (24.4)	69 (15.0)	0.013
Mucous in the stool	97 (16.3)	17 (12.6)	80 (17.4)	0.233
Abdominal distention	36 (6.1)	8 (5.9)	28 (6.1)	1.000
Poor appetite	13 (2.2)	4 (3.0)	9 (2.0)	0.505
Gasses	12 (2.0)	2 (1.5)	10 (2.2)	1.000
Regurgitation	8 (1.3)	1 (0.7)	7 (1.5)	0.690
Oily stool	7 (1.2)	3 (2.2)	4 (0.9)	0.196
Change in stool color	6 (1.0)	1 (0.7)	5 (1.1)	1.000
Nausea	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	1.000
Solid dysphagia	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	1.000
Pica	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	1.000
Cutaneous manifestations	278 (46.7)	75 (55.6)	203 (44.1)	0.024
Rash/dry skin	277 (46.6)	74 (54.8)	203 (44.1)	0.031
Facial swelling/angioedema	5 (0.9)	4 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	0.003
Urticaria	2 (0.3)	2 (1.5)	0 (0.0)	0.051
Itching	1 (0.2)	0 (0.0)	1 (0.2)	1.000
Respiratory manifestations	13 (2.2)	8 (5.9)	5 (1.1)	0.003
Cough	7 (1.2)	3 (2.2)	4 (0.9)	0.196
Breathing difficulty	2 (0.3)	2 (1.5)	0 (0.0)	0.051
Rhinitis	3 (0.5)	2 (1.5)	1 (0.2)	0.131
Recurrent aspiration	1 (0.2)	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0.227
Choking episodes	1 (0.2)	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0.227
Other manifestations	29 (4.9)	14 (10.4)	15 (3.3)	0.002
Excessive crying	10 (1.7)	1 (0.7)	9 (2.0)	0.469
Apparent life-threatening event	9 (1.5)	9 (6.7)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
Irritability	5 (0.8)	2 (1.5)	3 (0.7)	0.318
Sleeping difficulties	5 (0.8)	1 (0.7)	4 (0.9)	1.000
Loss of consciousness	1 (0.2)	1 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0.227
Positive physical findings	208 (34.9)	63 (46.7)	145 (31.5)	0.002
Eczema	147 (25.0)	46 (34.6)	101 (22.1)	0.004
Abdominal distention	46 (7.8)	9 (6.8)	37 (8.1)	0.715
Hepatomegaly	6 (1.0)	1 (0.8)	5 (1.1)	1.000
Marasmus	6 (1.0)	1 (0.8)	5 (1.1)	1.000
Bowlegs (genu varum)	3 (0.5)	1 (1.8)	2 (0.4)	0.537
Hemangioma	3 (0.5)	1 (1.4)	2 (0.4)	0.129
Wide metaphysis	2 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.4)	1.000
Cleft palate	2 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.4)	1.000
Colostomy scar	2 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.4)	0.401
Wheezy chest	1 (0.2)	1 (0.8)	0 (0.0)	0.266
Other findings2	23 (3.9)	8 (6.0)	15 (3.3)	0.199

Data are presented as numbers and percentages or median and interquartile range. Boldface indicates a statistically significant difference with P < 0.05.

^aFisher’s exact test.

¹Some patients had more than one presenting history or physical finding.

²Hypertonia of upper limbs, erythema and skin peeling of perianal and umbilical area, inguinal hernia, seborrheic dermatitis (n = 2), anal fissure, café au lait spot, hair in the back, hypertonia of lower limbs, hypo and hyperpigmented lesions, hypotonia of upper limbs, ileostomy bag, labial adhesion, umbilical hernia, left hand extra digit, left thoracotomy scar, microcephaly, mild jaundice, swollen face, truncal hypotonia, undescended testis (n = 1 each).

IgE: Immunoglobulin E.