Sickle cell nephropathy: A review of novel biomarkers and their potential roles in early detection of renal involvement

Table 2 Ideal features of biomarkers used to detect drug-induced kidney toxicity

	Features
(1)	Identifies kidney injury early (before renal reserve is dissipated and levels of serum creatinine increase)
(2)	Reflects the degree of toxicity, in order to characterize dose dependence
(3)	Displays similar reliability across species, including humans
(4)	Localizes to the site of kidney injury
(5)	Tracks the progression of injury and recovery from damage
(6)	Is well characterized with respect to the limitations of its capacities
(7)	Is accessible in readily available body fluids or tissues