Lung microbiome in healthy and diseased individuals

Table 1 Probiotics and synbiotics in respiratory diseases

Probiotics/synbiotics	Medical condition	Results	Source
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve	Smokers	Inhibition of nicotine -mediated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α production, NF-KB, TLR4 and TLR9-induced expression of IL-8 activation	Mortaz et al[49], 2015
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium breve	Allergic asthma	Antigen-specific Tregs activation	Sagar et al[50], 2014 Jang et al[51], 2012
Lactobacillus reuteri АТСС 23272 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Allergy	Significant reduction of inflammatory cells in BALF, increasing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg in spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes	Forsythe et al[52], 2007
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Lactobacillus casei (Sirota and DN 114001)	Acute infectious respiratory diseases	Increasing of IgА- secreting cells in bronchial mucosa	Tapiovaara et al[53], 2016
Enterococcus faecalis FK-23	Asthma	Suppression of T-cells and cytokines production	Zhang et al[54], 2012
Bifidobacterium longum	Klebsiella-induced pneumoniae	Increased production of IL-10, decrease of TNF-α and IL-6 levels	Viera et al[55], 2016
Acidic oligosaccharides	P. aeruginosa-induced infection	Increase in IL-10 production, decrease in cytotoxic T lymphocyte production	Bernard et al[62], 2015
Bifidobacterium breve M-16V galacto- oligosaccharides fructo- oligosaccharides	Allergic asthma	Significant increase in peak expiratory flow rate and reduction of IL-5 production	van de Pol et al[63], 2011

IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.