Association between gamete source, exposure and preeclampsia: A review of literature

Table 1 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in relation to change of paternity

Ref.	Design	Sample size	Main outcome measures	Findings
Robillard et al[20]	Case control	74 hypertensive cases 60 controls	Change of paternity	Change of paternity was 61.7%, 10% and 16.6% inn PIH group, chronic hypertension group and controls respectively (P < 0.0001)
Feeney et al[21]	Matched case control	47 cases with preeclampsia 47 normotensive controls	Change of paternity	13 cases with paternity change vs 3 controls with paternity change (P < 0.01)
Ikedife[22]	Case series	46 eclamptic multiparous patients	74% of subjects had paternity change
Chng[23]	Case report	Case of severe preeclampsia in the patient with prior history of uneventful first pregnancy after change of paternity
Tubbergen et al[24]	Retrospective case control study	333 multiparous subjects with hypertensive disorder 182 multiparous normotensive subjects	Change of paternity	22.6%-preeclamptic multiparas with change of paternity; 27.0%-HELLP multiparas with change of paternity; 3.3%-change of paternity among normotensive multiparas OR for preeclampsia among subjects with new partner was 8.6 (95%CI: 3.1-23.5) and for HELLP 10.9 (95%CI: 3.7-32.3) comparing to normotensive subjects
Li et al[25]	Retrospective cohort	140147 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia	OR for preeclampsia among women with previous normal pregnancy and change of paternity was 1.3 (95%CI: 1.1-1.6)
Trupin et al[26]	Prospective cohort	5800 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	Adjusted OR for preeclampsia among multiparas with change of paternity 1.4 (95%CI: 0.8-2.4)
Bandoli et al[27]	Prospective cohort	1396 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	OR for preeclampsia 2.75 (95%CI: 1.33-5.68) among women with change paternity
Verwoerd et al[28]	Case control	60 multigravidae with preeclampsia	Change of paternity	Change of paternity was 38.3% vs 21.7% (cases vs controls)
		60 normotensive multigravidae		Uncorrected OR for preeclampsia with primipaternity 2.3 (95%CI: 0.9-5.5)
Chigbu et al[29]	Prospective cohort	732 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia in 3.5% of cases vs 3.1% controls (NS)
Saftlas et al[30]	Retrospective cohort	4589 pregnancies	Incidence of PIH and preeclampsia	Adjusted OR for preeclampsia among women with history of abortion who conceived again with same partner 0.55 (95%CI: 0.21-0.97)
Olayemi et al[31]	Prospective cohort	2630	Incidence of hypertension in pregnancy	History of same paternity abortion was protective against preeclampsia (HR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.22-0.96)

PIH: Pregnancy induced hypertension; NS: Non significant.

Table 2 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in donor oocytes, donor sperm and donor embryos pregnancies

Ref.	Design	Sample size	Main outcome measures	Findings
Donor oocytes
Söderström-Anttila et al[11]	Retrospective cohort	51 oocyte donation pregnancies 97 IVF age matched controls	The incidence of PIH and preeclampsia	The incidence of PIH in primiparae was 30% in oocyte donor recipients and 13% in IVF controls (P < 0.05), no difference in preeclampsia incidence between two groups
Salha et al[10]	Retrospective cohort	27 donor oocytes pregnancies 27 age-and parity matched controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 16% vs 3.7% (cases vs controls), P < 0.05
Keegan et al[38]	Retrospective anonymous questionnaire study	199 oocyte donor recipients 488 autologous IVF controls	The incidence of PIH	Rate of pregnancy induced hypertension in < 35 years old was 42% vs 12%, P < 0.001 (cases vs controls) and > 40 years old 26% vs 14%, P = 0.003 (cases vs controls)
Klatsky et al[9]	Retrospective matched cohort	77 donor oocytes recipients 81 autologous IVF controls	The incidence of PIH and preeclampsia	16.9% of cases with preeclampsia vs 4.9% controls 24.7% of cases with PIH vs 7.4 % controls Adjusted OR for preeclampsia with donor oocytes OR = 4.0 (95%CI: 1.2-13.8) and for gestational hypertension OR = 4.2 (95%CI: 1.5-11.9)
Tranquilli et al[12]	Retrospective matched cohort	26 donor oocytes recipients 52 autologous ICSI pregnancies 52 AMA controls	Prevalence of preeclampsia	Prevalence of preeclampsia 19.2% in donor oocyte recipients vs 0% in autologous ICSI and AMA controls (P < 0.001)
Donor sperm
Need et al[33]	Case series	584 AID pregnancies	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 9.3%
Smith et al[35]	Retrospective cohort	37 donor insemination pregnancies 44 controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	24.3% of cases with preeclampsia vs 6.8% controls RR for preeclampsia with donor insemination RR = 1.85 (95%CI: 1.20-2.85)
Hoy et al[34]	Retrospective cohort	1552 donor insemination pregnancies 7717 controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	8.4% of cases with preeclampsia vs 5.2 % controls Adjusted OR for preeclampsia with donor insemination OR = 1.4 (95%CI: 1.2-1.8)
Salha et al[10]	Retrospective cohort	33 donor sperm pregnancies 33 age-and parity matched controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 18.2% vs 0% (cases vs controls), P < 0.05
Hall et al[37]	Retrospective cohort	45 donor insemination pregnancies 173 controls	The incidence of proteinuric hypertension	No difference in incidence of proteinuric hypertension between cases and controls (13.3% vs 11.0%)
Kyrou et al[36]	Retrospective cohort	438 donor insemination pregnancies 275 partner sperm	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 10.9% vs 7.2% (cases vs controls), difference 3.7%; 95%CI: -0.8 to 7.8
Donor embryos
Porreco et al[39]	Retrospective cohort	23 donor embryos pregnancies 24 age matched IVF controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	26% of cases with preeclampsia vs 29% controls OR for preeclampsia with donor embryos OR = 0.86 (95%CI: 0.24-3.09)
Salha et al[10]	Retrospective cohort	12 donor embryos pregnancies 12 age-and parity matched controls	The incidence of preeclampsia	Preeclampsia incidence 25% vs 0% (cases vs controls), NS

AMA: Advanced maternal age; AID: Artificial donor insemination; IVF: In vitro fertilization; ICSI: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; PIH: Pregnancy induced hypertension; NS: Non significant.

Table 3 Studies reporting preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension in relation to length of sexual cohabitation and use of barrier contraception

Ref.	Design	Sample size	Main outcome measures	Results
Robillard et al[7]	Retrospective cohort	1011 pregnancies	Incidence of PIH	Incidence of PIH was 10.6% (entire cohort) and 5.1% among women with > 12 mo of sexual cohabitation (11.9% and 3.3% for primigravidae, respectively)
Verwoerd et al[28]	Case control	60 cases with preeclampsia 60 normotensive controls	Length of sexual cohabitation	Unprotected sexual cohabitation of > 6 mo was a negative predictor for preeclampsia (coefficient -0.57, SE 0.62, P = 0.03)
Olayemi et al[31]	Prospective cohort	2630 pregnancies	Incidence of hypertension in pregnancy	Length of sexual cohabitation before pregnancy was protective against hypertension in pregnancy (HR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.93-0.99) but not preeclampsia (HR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.00-1.15)
Kho et al[42]	Prospective cohort	2507 pregnancies	Incidence of preeclampsia	OR for preeclampsia were 2.32 (95%CI: 1.03-5.25) and 1.88 (95%CI: 1.05-3.36) for short sexual relationship of less then 3 mo and less then 6 mo respectively
Klonoff-Cohen et al[43] 1989	Case control	110 preeclamptic cases 115 normotensive controls	Contraceptive and reproductive history of subjects	OR for preeclampsia for barrier contraceptive users was 2.37 (95%CI: 1.01-5.58)
Mills et al[44]	Merge data from two prospective cohort studies	13914 pregnancies (total)	Incidence of preeclampsia	OR for preeclampsia in barrier contraceptive users were 0.85 (95%CI: 0.71-1.12) (one study) and 0.85 (95%CI: 0.49-1.45) (second study)
Saftlas et al[46]	Case control	258 cases 182 controls	Length of sexual cohabitation	OR for preeclampsia among women with long (> 90%) sexual relation-OR = 0.3 (95%CI: 0.1-0.9)

PIH: Pregnancy induced hypertension.