Paraspinal strength and electromyographic fatigue in patients with sub-acute back pain and controls: Reliability, clinical applicability and between-group differences

doi:10.5312/wjo.v12.i11.816

Advanced Search

BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge

Home / Archive / Volume 12, Issue 11

This Article

Academic Content and Language Evaluation of This Article

Academic Rules and Norms of This Article

Citation of this article

Corresponding Author of This Article

Research Domain of This Article

Article-Type of This Article

Open-Access Policy of This Article

Times Cited Counts in Google of This Article

Number of Hits and Downloads for This Article

Total Article Views (4681)

All Articles published online

The chart showing PDF series, WORD series, HTML series, Figures (1-2) series, Tables (1-6) series.

Item

Count

PDF

212

WORD

HTML

2368

Figures (1-2)

134

Tables (1-6)

172

Sum=2976

Featured Article

The chart showing Browse series, Download series.

Item

Count

Browse

270

Download

746

Sum=1016

Publishing Process of This Article

Item

Count

Browse

266

Download

423

Sum=689

Nov 18, 2021 (publication date) through May 16, 2024

Times Cited of This Article

Times Cited (3)

Journal Information of This Article

Publication Name

World Journal of Orthopedics

ISSN

2218-5836

Publisher of This Article

Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study

World J Orthop. Nov 18, 2021; 12(11): 816-832
Published online Nov 18, 2021. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i11.816

Table 1 Anthropometric measures (mean ± SD) of participants

	Age (yr)	Height (cm)	Body mass (kg)	BMI (kg/m²)
Healthy
Male (n = 13)	27.0 ± 6.8^a	178.4 ± 5.5	78.9 ± 8.7	24.7 ± 2.3
Female (n = 13)	24.6 ± 5.3^b	163.0 ± 8.0	56.8 ± 5.7^b	21.5 ± 3.5^b
Total (n = 26)	25.8 ± 6.1^b	170.7 ± 10.4	67.8 ± 13.4^b	23.1 ± 3.3^b
Patients
Male (n = 34)	35.7 ± 10.2	177.5 ± 6.4	81.1 ± 10.6	25.7 ± 2.6
Female (n = 32)	39.2 ± 10.9	166.2 ± 5.8	74.5 ± 13.6	26.9 ± 4.4
Total (n = 66)	37.4 ± 10.6	172.1 ± 8.4	77.9 ± 12.5	26.3 ± 3.6

Significantly different to patients’ corresponding data:

^aP = 0.01.

^bP < 0.01.

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Maximum strength (mean ± SD) values in controls and patients

	Non-LBP (n = 26)			LBP (n = 66)
MVIC (kg)	Day 1 (practice)	Day 2	P value	Day 1 (practice)	Day 2	P value
Maximum	85.8 ± 23.7	91.4 ± 26.7	0.005^b	58.7 ± 24.8	63.5 ± 26.5	0.0005^b
		Mean increase: 6.5%			Mean increase: 9.4%
Mean	82.6 ± 22.7	88.5 ± 25.5	0.002^b	56.0 ± 24.1	61.1 ± 26.0	0.0005^b
		Mean increase: 7.2%			Mean increase: 9.7%

^bP < 0.01.

MVIC: Maximum/mean voluntary isometric contraction.

Table 3 Mean ± SD values on 2 separate days for initial median frequency, median frequency-slope and root mean square for the isometric endurance test in both groups

	Healthy (n = 26)			LBP (n = 66)
Parameter	Day 1	Day 2	P value	Day 1	Day 2	P value
IMF (Hz)
L2/3 R	60.3 ± 10.9	61.0 ± 11.1	0.48	66.5 ± 17.6	66.1 ± 15.8	0.82
L2/3 L	58.2 ± 9.0	59.1 ± 12.3	0.52	63.5 ± 17.2	61.9 ± 13.2	0.18
L4/5 R	89.3 ± 20.3	91.0 ± 16.4	0.49	83.2 ± 24.3	83.0 ± 21.3	0.89
L4/5 L	90.9 ± 20.1	92.3 ± 17.3	0.59	82.7 ± 26.0	83.5 ± 20.8	0.59
L2/3	59.24 ± 9.7	60.1 ± 11.4	0.44	65.0 ± 16.4	64.0 ± 13.8	0.39
L4/5	90.1 ± 19.4	91.6 ± 15.9	0.49	82.9 ± 24.3	83.2 ± 20.0	0.83
MF slopes (raw, Hz/s)
L2/3 R	-0.30 ± 0.14	-0.35 ± 0.12	0.02^a	-0.12 ± 0.16	-0.12 ± 0.17	0.77
L2/3 L	-0.30 ± 0.11	-0.31 ± 0.10	0.52	-0.10 ± 0.18	-0.11 ± 0.14	0.41
L4/5 R	-0.48 ± 0.16	-0.54 ± 0.22	0.19	-0.23 ± 0.25	-0.22 ± 0.20	0.62
L4/5 L	-0.56 ± 0.21	-0.61 ± 0.19	0.19	-0.21 ± 0.25	-0.23 ± 0.25	0.53
L2/3	-0.30 ± 0.11	-0.33 ± 0.10	0.08	-0.11 ± 0.16	-0.11 ± 0.15	0.51
L4/5	-0.52 ± 0.17	-0.57 ± 0.19	0.13	-0.22 ± 0.23	-0.22 ± 0.20	0.84
MF slopes (normalised, %/min)
L2/3 R	-28.8 ± 11.5	-31.5 ± 9.0	0.14	-9.0 ± 15.2	-9.9 ± 15.8	0.55
L2/3 L	-29.9 ± 9.3	-29.8 ± 8.4	0.95	-8.1 ± 15.9	-10.5 ± 14.8	0.11
L4/5 R	-34.0 ± 11.3	-34.2 ± 11.9	0.90	-15.0 ± 15.7	-15.0 ± 12.0	0.98
L4/5 L	-36.4 ± 10.7	-37.7 ± 10.4	0.58	-13.2 ± 14.0	-17.1 ± 13.3	0.01^a
L2/3	-29.3 ± 9.8	-30.6 ± 7.9	0.39	-8.6 ± 14.8	-10.2 ± 14.5	0.21
L4/5	-35.2 ± 9.6	-36.0 ± 10.2	0.67	-14.1 ± 13.7	-16.1 ± 11.7	0.10
RMS slopes (normalised, %/min)
L2/3 R	43.4 ± 45.0	37.4 ± 35.2	0.35	10.4 ± 21.4	11.3 ± 18.5	0.72
L2/3 L	27.4 ± 30.8	29.0 ± 28.3	0.73	11.3 ± 17.3	13.9 ± 22.8	0.17
L4-5 R	42.6 ± 35.9	32.7 ± 29.2	0.19	14.3 ± 21.2	12.6 ± 22.2	0.43
L4/5 L	37.1 ± 36.2	38.4 ± 34.1	0.85	10.3 ± 19.3	13.9 ± 21.2	0.07

^aP < 0.05.

Hz: Hertz; IMF: Initial median frequency; MF: Median frequency; RMS: Root mean square.

Table 4 Maximum strength reliability indices in controls and patients

	Controls (n = 26)			Patients (n = 66)
Parameter	ICC_3,1	SEM	SDD%	ICC_3,1	SEM	SDD%
MVIC (kg)
Maximum	0.92 (0.83-0.97)	5.94	18.57	0.91 (0.86-0.94)	6.96	31.61
Mean	0.96 (0.90-0.98)	5.72	18.51	0.96 (0.93-0.97)	6.49	30.75

ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient; SEM: Standard error of the measurement; SDD: Smallest detectable difference; MVIC: Maximum/mean voluntary isometric contraction.

Table 5 Reliability of initial median frequency, median frequency-slope and root mean square for the isometric endurance test in both groups

	Controls (n = 26)			Patients (n = 66)
Parameter	ICC_3,1	SEM	SDD	ICC_3,1	SEM	SDD
IMF (Hz)
L2/3 R	0.91 (0.80-0.96)	3.32	9.19	0.80 (0.69-0.87)	7.56	20.95
L2/3 L	0.82 (0.63-0.92)	4.57	12.66	0.80 (0.69-0.87)	6.88	19.06
L4/5 R	0.82 (0.61-0.92)	7.99	22.13	0.82 (0.73-0.89)	9.64	26.70
L4/5 L	0.81 (0.60-0.91)	8.31	23.02	0.86 (0.79-0.92)	8.61	23.85
L 2/3	0.94 (0.87-0.98)	3.45	9.56	0.90 (0.84-0.94)	6.41	17.75
L 4/5	0.91 (0.79-0.96)	7.27	20.14	0.94 (0.90-0.96)	7.59	21.02
MF slopes (raw, Hz/s)
L2/3 R	0.61 (0.27-0.81)	0.07	0.19	0.75 (0.62-0.84)	0.08	0.22
L2/3 L	0.67 (0.36-0.85)	0.06	0.17	0.66 (0.50-0.78)	0.09	0.25
L4/5 R	0.52 (0.14-0.77)	0.13	0.36	0.73 (0.60-0.83)	0.12	0.33
L4/5 L	0.55 (0.18-0.78)	0.13	0.36	0.62 (0.45-0.75)	0.15	0.41
L 2/3	0.77 (0.46-0.90)	0.06	0.17	0.86 (0.77-0.91)	0.08	0.22
L 4/5	0.73 (0.35-0.89)	0.11	0.30	0.88 (0.80-0.92)	0.10	0.28
MF slopes (normalised, %/min)
L2/3 R	0.67 (0.36-0.85)	5.79	16.03	0.69 (0.55-0.80)	8.59	23.79
L2/3 L	0.65 (0.33-0.84)	5.36	14.85	0.69 (0.54-0.80)	8.44	23.38
L4/5 R	0.64 (0.31-0.83)	7.11	19.69	0.62 (0.45-0.75)	8.59	23.79
L4/5 L	0.50 (0.11-0.75)	7.60	21.05	0.57 (0.38-0.71)	8.66	23.99
L 2/3	0.82 (0.57-0.92)	4.93	13.66	0.85 (0.75-0.91)	7.47	20.69
L 4/5	0.78 (0.49-0.91)	6.02	16.67	0.83 (0.73-0.90)	6.75	18.69
RMS slopes (normalised, %/min)
L2/3 R	0.73 (0.46-0.88)	21.00	58.17	0.48 (0.27-0.65)	14.48	40.11
L2/3 L	0.76 (0.51-0.89)	14.83	41.08	0.71 (0.56-0.81)	10.83	30.00
L4/5 R	0.44 (0.04-0.72)	24.07	66.67	0.73 (0.60-0.83)	11.26	31.19
L4/5 L	0.54 (0.17-0.78)	24.20	67.03	0.61 (0.44-0.74)	12.44	34.46

Hz: Hertz; ICC: Intraclass correlation coefficient; SEM: Standard error of the measurement; SDD: Smallest detectable difference; IMF: Initial median frequency; MF: Median frequency; RMS: Root mean square.

Table 6 Adjusted between-group median frequency-slope differences in the isometric endurance test at 60% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction

		Healthy (n = 26)		LBP (n = 66)		Mean difference	P value
Parameter		Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean difference	P value
MF slopes (raw, Hz/s)
L2/3	-0.25		0.03	-0.14	0.02	0.12	0.002^b
L4/5	-0.44		0.05	-0.26	0.02	0.18	0.002^b
MF slopes (normalised, %/min)
L2/3	-22.4		2.9	-13.0	1.4	9.4	0.009^b
L4/5	-29.4		2.5	-18.4	1.2	11.0	0.000^b

^bP < 0.01.

Hz: Hertz; LBP: Low back pain; MF: Median frequency.

Citation: Koumantakis GA, Oldham JA. Paraspinal strength and electromyographic fatigue in patients with sub-acute back pain and controls: Reliability, clinical applicability and between-group differences. World J Orthop 2021; 12(11): 816-832
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v12/i11/816.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v12.i11.816