Understanding the medial ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow: Review of native ligament anatomy and function

Table 2 Maximum physiologic valgus demonstrated in various studies with noted elbow position and load applied during testing

Authors	Specimens	Maximum valgus (degrees)	Elbow flexion (degrees)	Load (nm)
Callaway et al[3] 1997	28	3.6	30, 60, 90, 120	2
Floris et al[25] 1998	18	6	20	0.75
Morrey et al[4] 1991	6	5	20	Gravity
Safran et al[5] 2005	12	11.1	70	2