Predicting lower limb periprosthetic joint infections: A review of risk factors and their classification

Table 5 Post-surgical risk factors

	Ref.	Statistical parameter				Site
		HR	OR	95%CI	P value
Anaesthetic factors
Intensive care length of stay (d)	[15]		0.5	0.20-1.00	0.06	Knee
Haematological
Blood transfusion	[12]	2.11		1.10-3.90	0.02	Hip/knee
	[15]		2.1	1.00-4.20	0.04	Hip/knee
	[11]		1.63	1.14-2.33	0.007	Hip/knee
Transfusion if RBCs stored > 14 d	[24]		5.9	2.60-13.20	< 0.001	Knee
Perioperative blood loss (via drain tube)	[15]		1	1.00-1.01	0.008	Hip
Cardiac
Postoperative atrial fibrillation	[12]	6.22		1.40-28.5	0.02	Hip/knee
Postoperative myocardial infarction	[12]	20.4		2.10-199.9	0.009	Hip/knee
Hospital factors
Longer hospital stay	[12]	1.09		1.00-1.10	0.0003	Hip/knee
Non same-day surgery	[23]		4.16	1.44-12.02	0.008	Hip
Wound complications
All wound complications	[11]		27	11.00-91.6	0.0002	Hip/knee
Wound discharge	[5]		18.7	7.40-47.2	< 0.001	Hip/knee
	[15]		6.3	1.30-30.7	0.02	Knee
	[15]		5.4	2.00-15.0	0.001	Hip
	[15]		5.7	2.40-13.3	<0.001	Hip/knee
	[11]		32.2	8.7-119.17	< 0.0001	Hip/knee
Haematoma	[5]		3.5	1.30-9.50	0.01	Hip/knee
Surgical site infection	[1]		35.9	8.30-154.6	< 0.01	Hip/knee
Superficial incisional SSI	[15]		3.7	1.10-11.9	0.03	Knee
	[15]		5	1.60-15.9	0.007	Hip
	[15]		4.3	1.90 - 9.90	0.001	Hip/knee
NNIS risk index 2	[9]		3.9	2.00-7.50	< 0.01	Hip/knee
Urinary
Postoperative urinary infection	[12]	5.45		1.00-8.70	0.04	Hip/Knee
	[5]		2.7	1.04-7.10	0.04	Hip/Knee

RR: Relative risk; HR: Hazard ratio; OR: Odds ratio.