Predicting lower limb periprosthetic joint infections: A review of risk factors and their classification

Table 4 Provider-related risk factors

	Ref.	Statistical parameter					Site
		HR	OR	RR	95%CI	P value
Antibiotic use
Antibiotic surgical prophylaxis	[5]		0.5		0.30-0.80	0.003	Hip/knee
Antibiotic irrigation	[20]	0.67			0.48-0.92	0.014	Knee
Surgical technique
Exposure requiring quadriceps release	[20]	4.76			1.18-19.21	0.029	Knee
Use of wound drain tube	[15]		0.09		0.01-0.80	0.03	Knee
Side of surgery
Simultaneous bilateral surgery	[12]	5.85			2.50-13.90	< 0.0001	Hip/knee
	[20]	0.51			0.31-0.83	0.007	Knee
Single side (compared to bilateral)	[13]		3.1			0.0024	Hip/knee
	[13]		4			0.009	Knee
Cement
Antibiotic-laden cement	[20]	1.53			1.18-1.98	< 0.001	Knee
Non-antibiotic cement	[8]			1.5	1.30-1.80	< 0.001	Hip
Hybrid (compared to uncemented)	[8]			1.6	1.40-1.80	< 0.001	Hip
Operative duration
Length of operation (> 115 min)	[23]		3.38		1.23-9.28	0.018	Hip
(> 210 min)	[14]		1.78		1.40-2.26	< 0.0001	Hip
(≥ 240 min)	[5]		2.7		1.50- 5.00	0.002	Hip/knee
Hospital factors
Hospital volume < 100 (vs > 200/yr)	[20]	0.33			0.12-0.90	0.03	Knee
Medicare buy-in	[14]		1.34			0.005	Hip

RR: Relative risk; HR: Hazard ratio; OR: Odds ratio.