Predicting lower limb periprosthetic joint infections: A review of risk factors and their classification

Table 2 Paper quality, defined by presence of record and reporting bias

Ref.	Design	Record bias	Reporting bias (outcome measure); definition of infection
Berbari et al[9]	Retrospective	No	2 or more cultural examination positive for the same microorganism; sinus tract; purulence around the prosthesis/joint
Lai et al[10]	Retrospective	No	2 or more cultural examination positive for the same microorganism; clinical diagnosis
Parvizi et al[11]	Prospective	No	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Pulido et al[12]	Retrospective	Yes	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Malinzak et al[13]	Retrospective	No	Unknown
Ong et al[14]	Retrospective	Yes	Diagnostic code in Medicare database
Berbari et al[5]	Prospective	Yes	2 or more cultural examination positive for the same microorganism; acute inflammation on histopathological examination; sinus tract; purulence around the prosthesis/joint
Peel et al[15]	Prospective	Yes	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Bozic et al[16]	Retrospective	Yes	Diagnostic code in Medicare database
Jämsen et al[17]	Prospective	Yes	CDC definition of surgical site infection3
1Bozic et al[4]	Retrospective	Yes	Diagnostic code in Medicare database
Dale et al[18]	Retrospective	Yes	Clinical as reported by the surgeon after surgery
Greenky et al[19]	Retrospective	No	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Namba et al[20]	Retrospective	Yes	CDC definition of surgical site infection3
Somayaji et al[21]	Retrospective	No	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Coelho-Prabhu et al[22]	Retrospective	Yes	2 or more cultural examination positive for the same microorganism; sinus tract; purulence around the prosthesis/joint
Maoz et al[23]	Retrospective	Yes	CDC definition of surgical site infection3
Gómez-Lesmes et al[24]	Prospective	Yes	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Yi et al[25]	Retrospective	No	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Wu et al[26]	Retrospective	Yes	MSIS definition2
Sousa et al[27]	Retrospective	No	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Jiang et al[28]	Prospective	Yes	Diagnostic code in Medicare database
Duchman et al[29]	Prospective	Yes	Criteria based upon 3 of 5 features1
Chrastil et al[30]	Retrospective	Yes	Diagnostic code in Medicare database
Crowe et al[31]	Retrospective	Yes	CDC definition of surgical site infection3
Debreuve-Theresette et al[32]	Retrospective	No	CDC definition of surgical site infection3
Bohl et al[33]	Prospective	Yes	American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program definition

¹Refers to 3 of 5 of the following criteria: (1) abnormal serology (ESR > 30 mm/h; CRP > 1 mg/dL); (2) strong clinical and radiographic suspicion for infection; (3) positive joint aspiration culture for infection; (4) evidence of purulence during the subsequent surgical intervention; and (5) positive intraoperative culture;

²Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) definition;

³Defined as (1) deep infection; (2) purulent drainage; (3) dehiscence; (4) fever; and (5) localized pain. CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.