©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Orthop. Jan 18, 2015; 6(1): 42-55
Published online Jan 18, 2015. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.42
Published online Jan 18, 2015. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.42
Table 1 Secondary ınjury mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury
| Systemic effects |
| Heart rate - brief increase then prolonged bradycardia |
| Blood pressure - brief hypertension then prolonged hypotension |
| Peripheral resistance - decreased |
| Cardiac output - decreased |
| Local vascular damage of the cord microcirculation |
| Mechanical disruption of capillaries and venules |
| Hemorrhage - especially gray matter |
| Loss of microcirculation - mechanical, thrombosis, vasospasm |
| Biomechanical changes |
| Excitotoxicity - glutamate |
| Neurotransmitter accumulation |
| Catecholamines - noradrenaline, dopamine |
| Arachidonic acid release |
| Free radical production |
| Eicosanoid production |
| Prostaglandins |
| Lipid peroxidation |
| Endogenous opioids |
| Cytokines |
| Electrolyte shifts |
| Increased intracellular calcium |
| Increased intracellular potassium |
| Increased intracellular sodium |
| Inflammatory response |
| Free radical generation |
| Macrophages |
| Axonal breakdown, removal of myelin debris |
| Release of cytokines |
| Glial cell activation |
| Cytotoxic effects on oligodendrocytes |
| Wallerian degeneration |
| Edema |
| Apoptosis |
| Loss of energy Metabolism |
| Decreased ATP production |
- Citation: Yılmaz T, Kaptanoğlu E. Current and future medical therapeutic strategies for the functional repair of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop 2015; 6(1): 42-55
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v6/i1/42.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.42